CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 159 



HOENBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATER BEECH. lEON WOOD. 



Nova Scotia, soutbern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsala of Michigan to 

 northern Minnesota (lake Pokegania, Garrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of 

 the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory. 



A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north 

 much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and 

 reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in southern 

 Arkansas and eastern Texas. 



Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous, 

 broad; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7286 ; ash, O.'-'S; sometimes used for 

 levers, handles of tools, etc. 



BETULACE^. 



294. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach, 



Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 187 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 233. Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv, 19. Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, sir, 76, t. 4, f. l^ 



19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. Maconn iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55. 



B. lenta, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 92 [not LinnseusJ. Wangenheim, Amer. 45, t. 29, f. 38. 



B. populifolia, Marshall, Aibustuni, 19. Alton, Hort. Kew. ill, 336; 2 ed. v, 299. Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 37, t. 2, 

 f. 5 ; Spec, iv, 463. Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 476. Nouveaii Duhamel, iii, 204. Poiret, Suppl. 

 1, 687. Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71. Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,620.- 

 Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 8. Barton, Prodr. FI. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 11, 175. Eaton, Manual, 

 109; 6 ed.53. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, 1,25; 2 ed. i, 42. Hayne, Dend. Fl. 166. Sprengel, Syst. ill, 854. 

 Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, 1. 112. Loudon, Arboretum, Hi, 

 1707, f. 1560. Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. 11, 155. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. Emerson, Tree* 

 Massachusetts, 213; 2 ed.l, 243 & t. Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. 

 Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308. Kooh, Dendrologie, ii, 646. 



B. acuminata, Ehrhart, Beltr. vi, 98. McBUch, Meth. 693. 



B. alba, suhspeciea populifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 399 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. ivi, 164. 



WHITE BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. 



New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south, 

 generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware. 



A small, short-lived tree of rapid growth, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; 

 dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in 

 eastern New England. 



Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, 

 obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29; largely used in th 

 manufacture of spools, shoe pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. 



The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. pupyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for 

 various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreumatic oil 

 of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes (U. 8. 

 Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1592. Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287) ; the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufactnra 

 of ink. 



295. Betula papyrifera, Marshall, ^/ 



Arbustum, 19. Mlchanx,Fl. Bor.-Am. 11, 180. 



B. papyracea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 58,t.2,f.l. 

 Nouveau Dnhamel,iii,205. Persoon, Syn. 11, 572. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. 11, 477. Poiret, Suppl. 1, 688. Michaux 

 f. Hist. Arb. Am. 11, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 11, 70, t. 69. Smith in Rees' Cycl. 1 v. No. 9. Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. 

 11,621.- B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. I. Eaton, Manual, 109; (i ed. 53. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil.adelph.ii, 

 175. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; Sylva, 1, 25 ; 2 ed. 1, 42. Hayne, Dend. FI. 167. Watson, Dend. Brit.^ii, 1. 152. Sprengel, 

 Syst. iii, 854. Torrey, Compend. Vl. N. States. 355; Fl.N. York, ii, 199.- Audubon, Birds, t. 88. Loudon, Arboretum, 

 iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155. Eaton & Wright, Bot. l.-)C. Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381. 

 Pcnn. Cycl. 11, 349. Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 cd. i,239 & t. Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. Richardson, 

 Arctic Exped. 437. Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. Hooker f. in Trans. Liunaian Soc. xxiii^ 300, 339. Wood, 

 CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 645. Vasey, Cat. Forest 

 Trces,28. Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180. Bell in Geological 

 Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45'=. 



