160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



B. nigra, LoiBelour in Nouvcou Duliamcl, ii, t. 51 [not Linnroas]. 



B. granclis, Schrader in Ind. Hort. Goett. 1833, 8. 



B. rubra, LoddigeP, Cat. ed. 1836. 



B. Canadensis, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. 



B. alba, var. papyrifera, Spacli. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 28er. xv, 188 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 234. Endlioher, Genera, Snppl. iv, 19. Kegel 

 in Mem. Soc. Not. Moscow, xix, 81, t. 5, f. .VIC. 



B. CorHifolia, Rpjjcl in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 80, 1. 12, f. 29-36. 



B. alba, anhsitecics papyrifera, Ergcl in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviu*, 401; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi,166. 



B. alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. cordifolia, Rcgol in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxTiii*, 401; De CandoUe, Prodr. 

 xvi, 166. 



B. alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. commvnis, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 401; Do CandoUe, Prodr. 



XV i-, 160. 



B. alba, subspecies commuiata, Kegel in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 401 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi, 166. 



B. occidentalis, Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 134 [not Hooker]. 



B. alba, var. populifoUa, Winchell in Ludlow's Kep. Black Hills, 07 [not Spacli]. 



CANOE BIECH. WHITE BIECH. PAPER BIRCH. 



Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay and northwest to the Great 

 Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Wading river, Long island, 

 the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Michigan, northeastern Illinois and Saint 

 Cloud, Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black hills of Dakota (JS. Douglas), the Mullen trail of the Bitter 

 Boot mountains and Flathead lake, Montana, the neighborhood of Fort Colville, Washington territory [Watson), 

 and the valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia {Engelmann <* Sargent). 



A tree IS to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands and banks of 

 streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of 

 the American forest. 



Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained," compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, 

 brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in the 

 manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc. 



The very tough, durable bark easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the 

 manufacture of canoes, tents, etc. 



296. Betula occidentalis. Hooker, 



Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 197. Nuttall, Sylva, i, 22, t. 7 ; 2 ed. i, 40, t. 7. Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. if'-, 

 20. Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 466. Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 

 1858.261; Am. Nat. iii, 408. Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 131, t. 15, f. 35. Porter in Hay den's Rep. 1871, 49:!. Watson iu 

 King's Rep. V, 323, t. 35 ; PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. Californi!i, ii, 79. Porter & Haydon, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 

 127. Rothrock in PI. Wheeler. 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 

 1875-'76, 210. G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. 



B, alba, subspecies occidentalis typica, Kegel in BuH. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 400; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi, 165. 



BLACK BIRCH. 



British Columbia, south to the Mount Shasta region (Strawberry vale) and the eastern caBous of the Sierra 

 Nevadas above Owen's valley (Lemmon), California, and through the interior ranges and the Rocky mountains to 

 Utah and northern New Mexico. 



A small tree, 8 to 12 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; mountain caiions 

 and along streams, in moist .soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets. 



Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary lays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the 

 Bap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6030; iish, 0.30; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc. 



