/ 



162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



< 299. Betula lenta, Linnaeus, 



Spec. 1 ed. 983. Lamarck, Diet. i,453. Marshall, Arbustum, 19. Aiton.Hort. Kew. iii,337; 2 ed. v, 300. Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; 

 Ennm. 981 ; Berl. Banmz. 59. Persoon, Syu. ii, 572. Desfotitaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 205. Michaux f. Hist. 

 Arb. Am. ii, 147, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3cd. ii, 85, t. 74. Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 3. Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. Eaton, Manual, 

 109; 6 ed. 53. Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 175. Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. Hayne, Dend. FI. 167. Elliott, Sk. ii, 617.- 

 Wateon, Dend. Brit, ii, 144. Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854. Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York.ii, 200. Guimpol, Otto & 

 Hayue.Abb. Holz. 105,t. 83. Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1713, f. 1566. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 156. Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156. 

 Bigelow, FI. Boston. 3 ed. 381. Lindleyin Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 8er. xv, 190; Hist. Veg. xi,241. Emerson, 

 Trees Miissachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. ivi^, 20. Darlington, Fl. 

 Cestrica, 3 ed. 275. Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. Curtis in 

 Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviiiS 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 

 xxxviii, 417, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 179, in part. Wood, CI. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308. Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 

 265. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 458. Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 639. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 

 180. BeU in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, SS'. Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. 



B. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 93. Wangenheim, Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34, 



B. excelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2 ed. v, 299 [not Pursh]. WiUdenow, Spec, iv, 464. Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f. 2. Nonveau 

 Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 52. Persoon, Syn. ii,572. Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. Poiret, Snppl. i,687. Smith in Rees' 

 Cycl. iv. No. 10. Hayne, Dend. Fl. i, 7. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 28er. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi,243. Endlicher, Genera, 

 iv, 20. 



B. carpinifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. vi,99. Willdenow.Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 49. 



CHEKRY BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH. 



Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay river, west through Ontario to the Mauitou islands of lake 

 Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee 

 region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentncky and Tennessee. 



A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1,50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very common 

 in all northern forests. 



Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary 

 rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 

 0.7617; ash, 0.26; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 

 largely in ship-building. 



" Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine sap of this and perhaps some other species of the genus 



300. Alnus maritima, Muhlenberg, 



Mss. Nuttall, Sylva, i, 34, t. 10^; 2 ed. i, 50, t. 10^. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. Canby in Coulter's Bot. 

 Gazette, vi, 1881. j- 



t 



Betula-Alnus maritima,, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. f 



A. oblongata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t, vi, f. 3-9 [not Willdenow]. 



A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii\ 427 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi, 186. ^ 



SEASIDE ALDER. 



Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Eed river, Indian territory, in about: ' 



longitude 96 30' W, (E. Hall); Manchuria and Japan {A. maritima, Japonica and arguta, Regel in De Candolle, I 



Prodr. xvi^ 186). . 



A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; borders of streams and . 



swamps. : 



Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light ; 

 bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.4996; ash, 0.39. 



