THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 555 



Of this amount 485,552,000 feet were manufactured along the Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri 

 as far south as Saint Louis.. 



The wooded region in Crawford, Richland, Sauk, and Vernon counties is estimated to contain 12,000,000 cords 

 of hard wood in addition to some timber of commercial value. The cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 

 (exclusive of 86,545,000 staves and 7,498,000 sets of headings), was 117,041,000 feet. 



Valuable oak timber exists in large quantities in Dunn, Pierce, and Saint Croix counties. 



The cedar swamps scattered through the pine belt of the state cover an area of some 1,365,000 acres, and are 

 estimated to contain 62,800,000 posts, telegraph poles, and railroad ties, in addition to large quantities of tamarack 

 and spruce. 



Wisconsin is the third state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The great centers of 

 manufacture are in the neighborhood of Eau Claire upon the Chippewa river, upon the Wisconsin river, and upon 

 the shores of Green bay and lake Superior. Logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin supply also mills located on the 

 Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri with material equivalent to nearly 500,000,000 feet of lumber. 



The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Wisconsin : 



"The southern boundary of the forest coincides with a line extending northwesterly from near the cifj' of 

 Milwaukee on lake Michigan, to the falls of Saint Croix on the Saint Croix river, and the western boundary of the 

 state. This includes the heavy hard-wood as well as the pine forest. There is also, or there has been, a large 

 amount of hard-wood timber in the southeastern part of the state, south of this line, but as no large bodies of forest 

 of commercial value are now standing there, it will not be considered here. Large bodies of hard-wood timber 

 exist in Vernon, Crawford, Richland, and Sauk counties, covering in the aggregate fully 400,000 acres and 

 containing at least 12,000,000 cords of wood. This region, however, is already thickly settled, and the forests are 

 being rapidly cleared for agricultural purposes. No estimate has ever been made of the amount of pine timber 

 standing in Wisconsin at the time of its original settlement; at the present time it is estimated that 41,000,000,000 

 feet of merchantable pine remain in the state, situated as follows, river basins being taken as the natural divisions 

 of these pineries : 



" 1. North of the Saint Croix river and upon the lands tributary to that stream there are 2,500,000,000 feet, 

 covering 2,000,000 acres. 



"2. On the southern shore of lake Superior, including all the waters tributary to the lake in the state of 

 Wisconsin, extending from the Montreal river on the Michigan line westward to the western boundary of the 

 state, and embracing the Wisconsin pine on the Montreal river and upon the Bad, White, Bois-BruMj Black, and 

 Left-Hand rivers, 3,600,000,000 feet, covering 1,800.000 acres. 



" 3. On the Chippewa river and its principal tributaries, the Red Cedar, West ^Branch, East Branch, Flambeau, 

 Jump, Yellow, and Eau Claire, covering an area of some 6,253,000 acres, with an estimated stand of pine of 

 15,000,000,000 feet. 



" 4. In the Black River basin, with an dreaof 1,000,000 acres, containing an estimated stand of 900,000,000 feet. 



"5. In the Wisconsin River basin, with an area of 4,500,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 10,000,000 feet. 



" The remainder of the state, lying east of the east line of the W isconsiu River division and north of the 

 southern boundary of the original forest, is divided by rivers as follows : (1) Wolf river, with 600,000,000 feet of 

 pine; (2) the Oconto river, with 500,000,000 feet of pine; (3) the Peshtigo river, with 1,500,000,000 feet; (4) the 

 Menomonee in Wisconsin, 6,400,000,000: making a total in the division east of the Wisconsin of some 7,000,000 acres, 

 with an estimated stand of 9,000,000,000 feet of pine. This makes a grand total of pine forest area in the state of 

 nearly 23,000,000 acres, still containing 41,000,000,000 feet of standing pine. This includes about 200,000,000 feet 

 upon the Menomonee Indian reservation, in the county of Shawano, where very little pine has ever been cut; 

 100,000,000 feet on the Flambeau reservation, and 200,000,000 feet upon the Court Oreilles reservation. There is 

 no merchantable pine standing on any of the other Indian reservations in the state. 



" The quality of the pine in the state of Wisconsin varies largely with the differences in soil. The quality of 

 the pine growing mixed with hard woods upon the southern boundary of the forest and bordering on the prairies was 

 similar to that of the best Michigan pine. This is especially true of timber cut on the Wolf, Oconto, and Peshtigo 

 rivers. The timber originally on the Wolf and Oconto rivers was especially fine. This has been largely cut, although 

 there are still some very fine bodies of the best pine left on the Oconto and the western branch of the Peshtigo and 

 northern branch of the Wolf rivers. The Black River district contained also a large amount of the best upper quality 

 of pine, of which, however, more than half has been cut. The Eau de Galle River basin, in the counties of Pierce, 

 Dunn, and Saint Croix, also contained at one time a large amount of the upper grade of pine, now, however, all 

 removed. This grew among hard-wood timber, on good soil, which, when the timber is cut off, is valuable for 

 fanning purposes. The pine in this part of the state did not grow in extensive tracts. It was scattered through 

 the hard-wood timber, from 1 to 10 large pine trees growing on an acre trees which would scale from 1,000 to 3,500 

 feet of lumber each. There are still small bodies of this large pine left, but the great bulk of it is gone. 



" As we go north from the southern boundary of the forest we enter a lighter soil, where cedar and tamarack 

 swamps are interspersed between the hard-wood ridges. Many of these swamps are natural poat-bogs, covered 

 with cedar, tamarack, and spruce. The tree growth upon them is heaviest near the outer edges, the centers 



