PROTOZOA 



17 



Genera. Lieberkiihnia, Clap, and Lach. ; Gromia, Dnj. (Fig. 

 IX. 2) ; MUcrogromia, Hertw. ; Euglypha, Dnj. (shell built np of 

 hexagonal siliceous plates) ; Diaphorophodcm, Archer (38) (many 

 foreign particles cemented to form shell ; small pseudopodia issue 

 between these, hence resembling Perforata, and large long ones from 

 the proper mouth of the shell, Fig. IX. 12). 



FlO. X. Imperforata. 1. Spiroloailina planulata, Lamarck, showing five 

 "coils"; porcellanous. 2. Yonng ditto, with shell dissolved and 



protoplasm stained so as to show the seven nuclei n. 3. Spirolina (Pene- 

 roplis); a sculptured imperfectly colled shell; porcellanous. 4. 



Vertebralina, a simple shell consisting of chambers succeeding one another 

 in a straight line ; porcellanous. 5, 6. Thurammina papiOata, Brady, a 

 sandy form. 5 is broken open so as to show an inner chamber ; recent, 

 x 25. 7. Lituola (Baplophragmium) canariemis, a sandy form ; 



recent. 8. Nucleated reproductive bodies (bud-spores) of Haliphysema. 

 9. Sf-tammulina Ixrii, M. Schultze; X 40; a simple porcellanons 

 Miliolide. 10. Protoplasmic core removed after treatment with weak 

 chromic acid from the shell of Haliphysema Tumanoritzii, Bow. n, 

 vesicular nuclei, stained with hsematoxylin (after Lankester). 11. 



Haliphystma Tumanoritzii ; x 25 diam. ; living specimen, showing the 

 wine-alass-shaped shell built up of sand-grains and sponee-spicules, and 

 the abundant protoplasm p, issuing from the mouth of the shell and 

 spreading partly over its projecting constituents. 12. Shell of Astro- 



rhiza limimla. Sand.; x f ; showing the branching of the test on some of 

 the rays usually broken away in preserved specimens (original). 13. 



Section of the shell of Marsipella, showing thick walls bunt of sand- 

 grains. 



Fam. 2. AMPHISTOMIXA, with an aperture at each end of the shell. 



Genera. Diplophrys, Barker (Fig. IX. 1); Ditrema, Archer; 

 Amphitrema, Archer (Fig. IX. 11); Shepheardella, Siddall (39) 

 (membranous shell very long and cylindrical so as to be actually 

 tubular, narrowed to a spout at each end, Fig. IX. 3 ; protoplasm 

 extended from either aperture, Fig. IX. 5, and rapidly circulating 

 within the tubular test during life, carrying with it the nucleus 

 which itself exhibits peculiar movements of rotation, Fig. IX. 6, 7, 

 8, 9, 10). 



ORDER 2. ASTRORHIZIDEA, Brady. 



Characters. Test invariably consisting of foreign particles ; it is 

 usually of large size and single-chambered, often branched or radiate 

 with a pseudopodial aperture to each branch, the test often con- 

 tinued on to the finer branches of the pseudopodia (Fig. X. 12) ; 

 never symmetrical. All marine. 



Fam. 1. AJSTRORHIZINA, Brady. Walls thick, composed of loose 

 sand or mud very slightly cemented. 



Genera. Astrorhiza, Saudahl (Fig. X. 12, very little enlarged); 

 Pelosina, Brady ; Storthosph&ra, Brady ; Dendrophrya, St Wright ; 

 Syringammina, Brady. 



Fam. 2. PILULIXIXA. Test single-chambered ; walls thick, 

 composed chiefly of felted sponge-spicules and fine sand, without 

 calcareous or other cement. 



Genera. Pilulina, Carpenter; Technitella, Norman ; Bothy - 

 siphon, Sars. 



Fam. 3. SACCAMMIXIXA. Chambers nearly spherical ; walls thin, 

 composed of firmly cemented sand grains. 



Genera. Psammosphsera, Schultze; Sorosphsera, Brady ; Saccam- 

 mina, M. Sars. 



Fam. 4. KHABDAMMIXIXA. Test composed of firmly cemented 

 sand - grains, often with sponge - spicules intermixed ; tubular ; 

 straight, radiate, branched or irregular ; free or adherent ; with one, 

 two, or more apertures ; rarely segmented. 



Genera. Jacidella, Brady; Marsipdla, Norman (Fig. X. 13) ; 

 Rhabdammina, M. Sars ; Aschemondla, Brady ; Rhizammina, 

 Brady ; Sagenella, Brady ; BotMina, Carp. ; Haliphysema, Bower- 

 bank (test wine-glass-shaped, rarely branched, attached by a disk- 

 like base ; generally beset with sponge-spicules, Fig. X. 11 ; psendo- 

 podial aperture at the free extremity). This and Astrorhiza are 

 the only members of this order in which the living protoplasm has 

 been observed ; in. the latter it has the appearance of a yellowish 

 cream, and its microscopic structure is imperfectly unknown (61). 

 In Haliphysema the network of expanded pseudopodia has been 

 observed by Saville Kent as drawn in Fig. X. 11. Lankester (59) 

 discovered numerous vesicular nuclei scattered in the protoplasm 

 (Fig. X. 10, n), and also near the mouth of the shell reproductive 

 bodies (probably bud-spores) embedded in the protoplasm (Fig. X. 

 8). Hahphysema was described by Bowerbank as a Sponge, and mis- 

 taken by Haeckel (60) for a very simple two-cell-layered animal 

 (Enterozoon), to which he assigned the class name of Physemaria. 



ORDERS. MILIOLIDEA, Brady. 



Characters. Test imperforate ; normally calcareous and porcel- 

 lanous, sometimes encrusted with sand ; under starved conditions 

 (e.g., in brackish water) becoming chitinous or chitino-arenaceous ; 

 at abyssal depths occasionally consisting of a thin homogeneous, 

 imperforate, siliceous film. The test has usually a chambered 

 structure, being divided by septa (each with a hole in it) into a 

 series of locnli which may follow one another in a straight line 

 (Fig. X. 4) or the series may be variously coiled (Fig. X. 1 and 3). 

 The chambering of the test does not express a corresponding cell- 

 segmentation of the protoplasm ; the latter, although growing in 

 volume as the new shell-ehambers are formed, remains one continuous 

 cell-unit with many irregularly scattered nuclei (Fig. X. 2). The 

 chambered and septate structure results in this group and in the other 

 orders from the fact that the protoplasm, expanded beyond the 

 last-formed chamber, forms a new test upon itself whilst it lies and 

 rests upon the surface of the old test. The variations in such a 

 formation are shown in Fig. XII. 1, 2, 3, 4. 



Fam. 1. NUBECULARIXA. Test free or adherent, taking various 

 irregular asymmetrical forms, with variable aperture or apertures. 



Genera. Squammulina, Schultze (Fig. X. 9, showing the ex- 

 panded psendopodia) ; Nvtieciilaria, Defrance. 



Fam. 2. HILIOLIXA. Shell coiled" on an elongated axis, either 

 symmetrically or in a single plane or ineqnilaterally ; two cham- 

 bers in each convolution. Shell aperture alternately during growth 

 (addition of new chambers) at either end of the shell. 



Genera. Biloculina, D'Orb. ; Fabularia, Defrance ; Spirolocu- 

 lina, D'Orb. (Fig. X. 1, 2) ; Miliolina, Williamson (Fig. XL). 



Fam. 3. HAUERIXINA. Shell dimorphous ; chambers partly 

 milioline, partly spiral or rectilinear. 



Genera. Articulina, D'Orb.; Verttbralina,, D'Orb. (Fig X. 4); 

 Ophthalmidium, Knbler ; Hauerina, D'Orb. ; Planispirina, Seguenza. 



Fam. 4. PENEROPLTOIXA. Shell planospiral or cyclical, some- 

 times crosier-shaped, bilaterally symmetrical. 



Genera. Carnuspira, Schultze; Peneroplis, Montfort (Fig. X. 3); 



c 



