MOLLUSCA 



129 



Jaws and a lingual ribbon are present as in typica] 

 Glossophora, the dentition of the ribbon and the number of 

 jaw-pieces presenting a certain range of variation. Sense- 



C 



tt 



Fig. 79. 



FIG. 79. Camiinia trideniata, Forsk. torn the Mediterranean, magnified two 

 diameters (from OwenX a, month ; b, pair of cephalic tentacles ; C, C, ptero- 

 podial lobes of the mid-foot ; d, median web connecting these ; e, e, processes 

 of the mantle-skirt reflected over the surface of the shell ; a. the shell en- 

 closing the visceral hump ; *, the median spine of the shell. 



Fio. 80. Shell of Carolinia tridentata, seen from the side. /, postero-dorsal 

 surface ; g, antero-ventral surface ; \, median dorsal spine ; i, month of the 

 shell. 



organs are present in the form of cephalic eyes in very few 



forms (Cavolinia, Clione, and in an undescribed form dis- 



covered by Suhm during the "Challenger" Expedition); oto- 



cysts are universally present. The osphradia are present 



in typical form, although the ctenidia are aborted ; only 



one osphradium (the 



right of the typical 



pair) is present (fig. 



87). The gonads are 



both male and female 



in the same individual. 



The genital aperture is 



single. Copulatory or- 



gans, often of consider- 



able size, are present 



(fig. 86, *). 



The mantle -skirt is 

 present in one divi- 

 sion of the Pteropoda 

 (Thecosomata), and in 

 these an extensive sub- 

 pallial chamber is de- 

 veloped, the walls of 

 which in the absence 

 of ctenidia have a 

 branchial function. In 

 asecond division (Gym- F, O . si.-Embryo 



nOSOmata). which com- 



t i , , , . 



prises forms highly de- , heart ; i, intestine ;Totocyst ; Sl shell -r' 



veloped in regard to ne l*!! dium \*. *ophagus i ; <r, sac containing 



. r , nntnfave yelk; mb, mantle-skirt; *c, nb- 



the processes of the pallial chamber ; K*, contractile sinus. 



fore-foot, the mantle-skirt is aborted. A shell is developed 

 on the surface of the visceral hump and mantle-skirt of the 

 Thecosomata, whilst in the Gymnosomata, which have no 

 mantle-skirt, there is in the adult animal no shell. The 

 embryo passes through a trochosphere and a veliger stage 

 (fig. 81), provided with boat -like shell, except in some 

 Gymnosomata in which the Trochosphere with its single 

 velar ciliated band becomes metamorphosed into a larva 

 which has three additional ciliated bands but no velum 

 (resembling the larva of the Scaphopod Dentalium) ; this 

 banded larva does not form a larval shell (fig. 84). 

 The Pteropoda are divided into two orders. 



Order 1. Thecosomata. 

 Characters. Pteropoda provided with a mantle-skirt, 



. . tndntata (from 



Blfour, after roL). a, anus ; / median portion 

 of the foot ; jm. pteropodial lobe of the foot 



' 



and with a delicate hyaline shell developed on the surface 



of the visceral hump and mantle-skirt ; visceral hump, and 



consequently the shell, 



spirally twisted in one 



family, the Limacinida? ; 



shell often with con- 



tracted mouth and di- 



lated body, its walls 



sometimes drawn out 



into spine-like processes, 



which are covered by 



reflexions of the free 



margin of the mantle 



(Cavolinia, figs. 79, 80). 



Family 1. Cymbuliidx. 

 Genera : Tiedema.mn.ia, 

 Chj. ; Halopsyche, The- 

 ceuryina (figs. 82, 83), 

 Cymbulia, P. and L. 

 (% 77a). 

 Family 2. Conulariidse 



(fossil). 



Genus : Convlaria, Hill. 

 Family 3. Tentaculitids 



(fossil). FIG. 82. Thfcnn/bia GaiuHdwvdii, SonL, 



Genera : TentaculUes (from Owen). Much enlarged ; the body-wall 

 ranuilitss re ved. a, the mouth ; c, the pteropodial 

 i^ ' lobes of the foot : /. >e centrally -placed 

 Coleopnon, hind-foot; d, L, e, three pairs of tentacle-like 

 processes placed at the sides of the month, 

 ""* developed (in aU probability) from the 

 fore-foot ;o', anus ;, genital pore ;t retractor 

 musc ies ; and p, the liver ; , r, w/genitali*. 



Sohlrh 



ir 

 bcnltn. 



Sandb. 



Family 4. HvaUidse 

 /-!, -,? , , 



Genera : Tnptcra, Q. and 



G. ; Styliola, Les. (fig. 

 78) ; Balantium, Lch. ; 



FIG. 83. Shell 



. Vaginella, Dand. ; Cleodora, P. and 



L. ; Diacria, Gr. ; Plturopws, Esch, ; Cavolinia, Gioni. (figs. 

 / 9, 80 f 81). 

 Family 5.Thecidx. 



Genera : Theca, Low ; Pterotheea, Salt 

 Family 6. Limacinidse. 



Genera : Eccyliomphaluis, Porti ; Eeterofusus, Fig. ; 

 Spirialvi, E. S. (fig. 76) ; Limacina, Cuv. 



Order 2. Gymnosomata. 



Characters. Pteropoda devoid of man tie - 

 skirt and shell ; tentacular processes of the 

 fore-foot well developed and provided with 

 suckers. 



Family 1. Pterocymodoceidx. 

 Genus : Pterocymadoce, Kef. 

 Family 2. Clionida. 

 Genera : Cliodita, Q. and G. ; Clionopsis, Trosch. ; 



Clione, PalL (fig. 86). lower ' figure 



Family 3. Pntumodtrmidx. shows the na- 



Gen'era : Trichoeyelus, Esch.; Spongobranehia, ta * l8ize - 

 d'Orb. ; Pneumodermopsis, Kef. ; Pneumodermon, Cuv. (fig. 85). 



Branch b.SIPHOXOPODA. 



Cephalopoda in which the two primarily divergent right 

 and left lobes of the mid-region of the foot have their free 

 borders recurved towards the middle line, where they are 

 either held in apposition (Tetrabranchiata), or fused with 

 one another to form a complete cylinder open at each end 

 (Dibranchiata). This fissured or completely closed tube is 

 the siphon (fig. 75, (6), mf) characteristic of the Siphono- 

 poda, and is used to guide the stream of water expelled 

 by the contractions of the walls of the branchial chamber. 

 The pallial skirt is accordingly well developed and muscular, 

 subserving by its contractions not only respiration but 

 locomotion. The visceral hump is never twisted, and ac- 

 cordingly the main development of the pallial skirt and 

 chamber is posterior, the excretory apertures, anus, and 

 gills having a posterior position, as in the archi-Mollusc. 

 At the same time the visceral hump is usually much elon- 

 gated in a direction corresponding to an oblique line be- 

 tween the vertical dorso-ventral and the horizontal antero- 

 posterior axes (see fig. 75, (6)). 



R 



