ARTHROPODA. 101 



Order 8. Diptera. Mouth-parts sucking or piercing ; front wings 

 membranous, hind wings reduced to halteres. Pupipara, the female 

 produces larvae ready to become pupae. Hippobosca equina. Musca 

 domestica, house-fly. M. vomitoria, blue-bottle. Sarcophaga car- 

 naria, flesh-fly, viviparous. Gastrus equi, bot-fly, larva in the wall 

 of the horse's stomach. Tabanus bovinus, gad-fly. Nemocera or 

 Tipulariae: Corethra plumicornis, larva with four tracheal bladders. 

 Cuiex pipiens, gnat, the female stings. Cecidomyia, Hessian fly, and 

 Miastor, viviparous. Tipula, crane-fly. 



Order 9. Aphaniptera, fleas. Mouth-parts sucking and piercing. 

 Wings rudimentary. Pulex irritans, common flea. 



Order 10. Coleoptera, beetles. With biting mouth-parts, horny front 

 wings (elytra), and freely movable prothorax. Legs with five- rarely with 

 four-jointed tarsi. Coccinella septempunctata, ladybird. Cerambyx 

 heros. Meloe proscarabseus, oil beetle. Lytta vesicatoria, Spanish 

 fly. Lampyris noctiluca, glow-worm. Lucanus cervus, stag beetle. 

 Melplontha vulgaris, cockchafer. Staphylinus. Hydrophilus piceus. 

 Dytiscus marginalis. 



Order 11. Hymenoptera. Mouth -parts biting (or licking) ; four mem- 

 branous wings. Terebrantia, female with an ovipositor. Tenthredo, 

 saw-fly. Cynips quercus folii, gall-fly. Ichneumon. Aculeata, 

 usually with a sting ; young helpless. Formica rufa, fusca, rufescens, 

 flava, &c., ants. Vespa vulgaris, wasp. Apus mellifica, honey-bee, 

 Bombus terrestris, humble-bee. 



Order 12. Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. With sucking mouth- 

 parts, the maxillae forming a rolled proboscis, and four scaly wings. 

 Irregular parthenogenesis in several. Tinea, clothes-moth (one of the 

 Microlepidoptera). Geometra, geometer. Noctua. Bombyx mori, 

 silkworm moth, Psyche helix, both parthenogenetic. Sphinx, hawk- 

 moth. Sesia apiformis, like a hornet (mimicry). Picris brassicae, 

 white cabbage butterfly. Kallima paralecta and K. inachis, both 

 extremely like dry leaves when at rest. 



