GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE AND NERVE. 83 



inside the ueurilemma, and which at this time proliferate greatly and come to 

 occupy most of the lumen of the tube. The process of absorption is nearly com- 

 plete at the end of a fortnight after the injury. Under suitable conditions, how- 

 ever, regeneration may occur, and as this takes place there is a recovery of physi- 

 ological activities. The order in which conductivity and irritability return is 

 instructive. Howell and Huber l made a careful study of this subject. They 

 found that the many nuclei which develop during degeneration are apparently 

 the source of new protoplasm, which is seen to accumulate in the old sheath until 

 a continuous band of protoplasm is formed. About this thread of protoplasm 

 a new membranous sheath develops, and thus is built up what closely resembles 

 an embryonic nerve-fibre. The embryonic fibre formed in the peripheral end 

 of the regenerating nerve joins that of the central end in the cicatricial tissue 

 which has been deposited at the point of injury. Thus a temporary nerve- 

 fibre is formed and united to the undegenerated part of the old fibre, and this 

 new structure, though possessing ; neither myeliu nor axis-cylinder, is found to 

 be capable of conduction and to have a low form of irritability, being ex- 

 citable to violent mechanical stimuli but not to induction currents. The power 

 of conduction appears to return before irritability, and may be observed first 

 at the end of the third week. Apparently sensation is recovered before the 

 power of making voluntary movements ; this difference may well be due, not 

 to any essential difference between sensory and motor fibres, but to the fact 

 that extra time is required for the motor fibres to make connection with the 

 muscle. The embryonic fibre gradually gives place to the adult fibre, new 

 myelin being formed all along the fibre, and a new axis-cylinder growing down 

 from the old axis-cylinder. As the axis-cylinder grows down, the irritability 

 for induction shocks is recovered. Many months may be necessary for the 

 complete recovery of function. 



The same is true of muscle as of nerve protoplasm, the power of con- 

 duction ceases with the life of the cell-substance ; thus, if the middle part of 

 a muscle-fibre be killed, by pressure, heat, or some chemical, the dead proto- 

 plasm acts as a block to prevent the state of activity which may be excited at 

 one end from being transmitted to the other, and the conduction power is only 

 recovered on the regeneration of the injured tissue. 



Isolated Conduction is the Rule. (a) Conduction in Nerve-trunks. The 

 axis-cylinders of the many fibres which run side by side in a nerve-trunk are 

 separated from each other by the neurilemma, and in the case of the medullary 

 nerves by the myelin substance as well, so that there is not even contiguity, 

 much less continuity of nerve-substance. Thus the many fibres of a nerve- 

 trunk, some afferent and others efferent, though running side by side, conduct 

 independently of one another. For example, if the skin of the foot be pricked, 

 the excitation of its sense-organs is communicated to sensory nerve-fibres, and 

 is transmitted along them to the spinal cord, where the stimulus awakens cer- 

 tain groups of cells to activity ; these cells in turn, by means of their branches, 

 the motor nerve-fibres, transmit the condition of excitation down to the mus- 

 1 Journal of Physiology, 1892, vol. xiii. p. 361. 



