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AN AMERICAN TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. 



Mammals. 



Centigrade. 



Mouse 41.1 



Sheep 37.3-40.5 



Ape 35.5-39.7 



Rabbit 39.6-40.0 



Guinea-pig .... 38.4-39.0 



Dog 37.4-39.6 



Cat 38.3-38.9 



Horse 36.8-37.5 



Rat 38.8 



Ox 37.5 



Ass . . 36.95 



Birds. 



Centigrade. 



Birds 44.03 



Duck 42.50-43.90 



Goose 41.7 



Gull 37.8 



Guinea 43.90 



Turkey 42.70 



Sparrow .... 39.08-42.10 

 Chicken .... 43.0 

 Crow . ... 41.17 



Reptiles and Fish. 1 



Centigrade. 



Frog 0.32-2.44 



Snakes 2.5-12.0 



Fish 0.5-3.0 



Invertebrates. 1 



Crustacea 0.6 



Cephalopods - . . 0.57 



Medusae 0.27 



Polyps 0.21 



Molluscs . . 0.46 



The Temperature of the Different Regions of the Body. The quanti- 

 ties of heat produced and dissipated by different parts of the economy vary, 

 consequently there must continually be a transmission of heat from the warmer 

 to the cooler parts to establish throughout the organism an equilibrium of tem- 

 perature. Heat is distributed by direct conduction from part to part, but prob- 

 ably chiefly by the circulating blood and lymph. These means of distribution 

 are, however, not sufficiently active to establish a uniform temperature. Thus 

 we find that the internal parts of the body have a higher temperature than the 

 external parts ; that some internal organs are considerably warmer than others ; 

 that every organ is warmer when active than when at rest ; that the tempera- 

 ture varies in different regions of the surface of the body, etc. The following 

 figures by Kunkel 2 instance some of these differences, the temperature of the 

 room being 20 C. : 



Centigrade. 



Forehead 34.1-34.4 



Cheek under the zygoma .... 34.4 



Tip of ear 28.8 



Back of hand 32.5-33.2 



Hollow of the hand (closed) . . . 34.8-35.1 

 Hollow of the hand (open) .... 34.4-34.8 



Forearm 33.7 



Forearm (higher) 34.3 



Centigrade. 



Sternum 34.4 



Pectorales 34.7 



Right iliac fossa 34.4 



Left iliac fossa 34.6 



Os sacrum 34.2 



Eleventh rib (back) 34.5 



Tuberosity of ischium 32.0 



Upper part of thigh 34.2 



Calf 33.6 



The temperature of the skin is higher over an artery than at some distance 

 from it ; it is higher over muscle than over sinew ; it is higher over an organ 

 in activity than when at rest ; it is higher in the frontal than in the parietal 

 region of the head, and on the left side of the head than on the right, etc. 



Temperature observations are usually made in the rectum, in the mouth 

 under the tongue, in the axilla, and in the vagina, the rectum being preferable, 

 although in the human being the temperature is usually obtained in the mouth 

 and axilla. In the same individual when records are taken simultaneously in 

 all four regions appreciable differences will be noted. The temperature in the 

 axilla is, according to Hunter 37.2 C., to Davy 37.3 C., to Wunderlich 36.5 

 to 37.25 C. (mean 37.1 C.), to Liebermeister 36.89 C., to Jiirgensen 37.2 C., 



1 Temperatures above that of the surrounding medium. 



2 Zeitschrifl fur Biologic, 1889, vol. 25, pp. 69-73. 



