26 VERRILL 



" pe dicellaires droites" by Perrier, 1869; and " forficiform pedicel- 

 larice" by Herapath, 1866, and by Sladen, 1889, the jaws are nearly 

 straight, articulated at the base by a simple joint to a thick basal 

 piece, so that they open and close like forceps. These may be either 

 dermal or attached to the spines, either singly or in clusters; they 

 often have short pedicels. In the Brisingida and in Pedicellaster 

 they are usually lacking. (See pi. XLIX, figs. 3-30?; pi. xxx, etc.) 



The second kind, called " minor pedicellarice " by Stimpson, " pe di- 

 cellaires croises" by Perrier, "crossed pedicellaria" by several 

 writers, and " forcipiform pedicellaria " by Herapath, are usually 

 much smaller and the blades are curved and crossed something like 

 those of scissors, and so articulated that they open and close like 

 scissors, tweezers, or pincers. These, like the others, may be attached 

 directly to the integument, either singly or in clusters, or to the 

 spines, to the pedicels of the larger forms, to saccular dermal 

 growths around the spines, to the inner edge of the ambulacral 

 grooves, or rarely even to the sucker-feet. (See plates LXXVI- 

 LXXXIV.) They are most commonly attached by slender and some- 

 times long pedicels, and aggregated into wreaths or clusters on the 

 spines. They are often so abundant, in the wreaths around the dorsal 

 spines, that they nearly or quite conceal the spines and integument 

 in living specimens. In some cases they are attached in large num- 

 bers to dermal sheaths or sacks loosely surrounding the spines. They 

 often have a formidable array of minute sharp denticles, and are 

 frequently very characteristic of species. (See text-fig. 2.) 



FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES OF FORCIPULOSA. 

 This order now includes the following families and subfamilies : 

 Family ASTERIIDJE. 

 Subfamilies ASTERIINM; STICHASTERINJE; PYCNO- 



PODIIN;E; HELIASTERIN^E. 



Family ZOROASTERID2E. 

 Family PEDICELLASTERID&. 

 Family BRISINGIDJE. 



Subfamilies BRISINGINJE; LABIDIASTERINJE. (Type, 

 Labidiaster Liitk.) 



the body are dermal; those on a papular area are papular; those on the 

 adambulacral spines or plates are adambulacral. Major pedicellariae may also 

 frequently occur within the adambulacral grooves, attached to the inner sur- 

 face of the adambulacral plates, where they may be called intra-adambulacral. 



