TRIBAL SOCIETY 265 



thinking savage. What is it that makes the difference 

 between a living body and a dead one; what causes wak- 

 ing, sleep, trance, disease, death? What are those hu- 

 man shapes which appear in dreams and visions? 



"But in the very process of reflecting u})()ii its own 

 ideas the mind of man was beginning to look in upon 

 itself and to api)rehend phenomena of wliicli the animal 

 mind has never been conscious. It was beginning to 

 have ideas of ideas; ideas of volition, life, and cause; 

 ideas of the sources of those manifestations of power 

 that had awakened wonder and fear. It was beginning 

 to perceive an intangible world." 



"Now for the first time man analyzed himself. Ordi- 

 narily thought and body seemed to be inseparable. Or- 

 dinarily the bodies of other men seemed like his own; 

 they acted like his own and responded so perfectly to his 

 spoken or acted thought that in them also body and 

 thought seemed to be a concrete whole. But he had seen 

 them when they responded no more. It was as if some- 

 thing real, though impalpable and evasive, had departed 

 with the breath. Were there then, after all, in every 

 man two selves ? It seemed almost as if there might be, 

 and the longer primitive man thought about this question 

 and talked about it with his comrades, the more probable 

 to his mind did the affirmative answer become. His own 

 experiences seemed to furnish the final proof. Had he 

 not often in imaginative moods witnessed things not visi- 

 ble to the bodily eye? Had he not repeatedly in dreams 

 wandered far in the forest, while his body lay motionless 

 in sleep ? ' ' 



"So in the individual and in the social mind was born 

 at last the idea of the self, or personality, as a conscious 

 life, soul, or spirit, dwelling in the body but distinct and 



