AUG 



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AUG 



Avtna AVERSA, a town in the terr itor y of Lavora, in 



II the kingdom of Naples, built A. 1). 1029, by Count 



Augsburg. RainlJ thc lcader ()f the Normans. It was called 



Aversa, from its opposition to Capua, and from the 

 aversion which Rainulf felt for Pandulph the prince 

 of that city. The first asylum of the Normans in 

 Italy, was a strong camp in the depth of the marshes 

 of Campania, but by the liberality of the Duke of 

 Naples, Aversa was bnilt and fortified for their use, 

 and they enjoyed all the luxuries of that fertile dis- 

 trict. Distance from Naples eight miles. E. Long. 

 14 9\ N. Lat. 40 58'. See Gibbon's Hist. chap. lvi. 

 vol. x. p. 238. ( ) 



AVESNES, a strong fortified town of France, si- 

 tuated on the river Hispre. Its fortifications were 

 repaired by Vauban. Population 2935. E. Long. 

 3 54', N. Lat. 50 8'. (u>) 



AVEYRON, the name of one of the departments 

 of France, which derives its name from the river 

 Aveyron, with which it is watered. It is bounded on 

 the north by the department of Cantal ; on the west, 

 by that of Lot ; on the south, by that of Tarn ; and 

 on the east, by that of the Gard and Lozere. There 



uttle corn in this department ; but the pastures are 

 excellent, and there is plenty of wine and hemp. Be- 

 sides these productions, there are mines of lead, 

 iron, copper, alum, and coal ; and several mineral 

 springs. A considerable trade is carried on in cattle 

 in this department. It contains 1,767,421' square 

 acres. The forests, which belong chiefly to indivi- 

 duals, occupy 59 or 60 hectares. Contributions in 

 1803, 3,198,633 francs. Population 328,195. Rho- 

 dez is the capital of the department, (o) 



AUGER, Boking, the name given to a very in- 

 genious patent machine, invented by Mr Ryan, for 

 boring through strata. The machine brings up a 

 cylindrical portion of the rock through which it is 

 passing, about five inches in diameter, and as it works 

 perpendicularly, it exhibits the inclination of the stra- 

 ta. See Repertory of Arts. Other machines that 

 have received the same name may be seen in the Trans- 

 actions of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, 

 vol. i. p. 317, 320; vol. six. p. 165. Bailey's Ma- 

 lanes, vol. i. p. 159, 163. (o) 



AUGITE. See Oryctognosy. 



AUGMENT, in Greek grammar, is an accident 

 of certain tenses, by which the letter t is prefixed to 

 the word, or the initial short vowel changed into a 

 long one, or a diphthong into another longer one. (j) 



AUGMENTATION, in the law of Scotland, 

 is that process by which a clergyman may obtain an 

 increase of his stipend. The power of allotting a 

 suitable provision for the reformed clergy was ori- 

 ginally vested in a commission of parliament, appoint- 

 ed by several acts of the legislature. This power 

 was afterwards transferred, by the act 1707, c. 9. to 

 the Court of Session ; who have since sat as a com- 

 mission, separate from the Court of Session, and mo- 

 dified stipends to the clergy, out of the teinds of the 

 parish where each minister officiates. For an account 

 uf the different regulations respecting this process, 

 and the subject of Teinds, in general, see that ar- 

 ticle, (z) 



AUGSBURG, the Augusta Vindelkorum of the 



ancients, an ancient free imperial city of Svvabia, but Augsbug 

 now incorporated with the kingdom of Bavaria, is <r~ 



situated in a beautiful plain near the confluence of the 

 Lech and Werlach, about forty miles north-west of 

 Munich, and 300 mile* west of Vienna. It was once 

 a very flourishing, large, and handsome city, a prin- 

 cipal seat in Germany of commerce, manufactures, 

 and the liberal arts. Its position was favourable for 

 trade between Italy, Tyrol, Switzerland, and the 

 northern states ; and accordingly it was for many 

 ages the grand entrepot of the commerce carried on 

 between the Venetian territories and the different 

 provinces of Germany, Bohemia, and the various 

 states which extend from the Gulf of Venice to the 

 shores of the Baltic. Here was held the celebrated 

 diet of the empire, by Charles V. in person, A. D. 

 1530, at which the confederate princes, who had a 

 few months before protested against the acts of the 

 imperial diet ot Spires, (which had declared any re- 

 ligious innovations rebellion against the Germanic 

 body,) assumed the name of Protestants. At this 

 diet of Augsburg, the well-known Lutheran Confes- 

 sion of Faith, consisting of twenty-eight chapters, 

 concerning the nature, reasons, and extent of the se- 

 paration from the Romish church, was drawn up by 

 Melancthon ; presented to the emperor and all the 

 German princes ; discussed with great earnestness for 

 many weeks ; and finally considered as the code of 

 Lutheran Protestantism in Germany. The greatest 

 delicacy of address was requisite in managing this 

 business. The minds of men, kept in perpetual agi- 

 tation by a controversy carried on for twelve years 

 with unparalleled acrimony, without intermission of 

 debate, or abatement of zeal, were now inflamed to a 

 very high degree. They were accustomed to inno- 

 vations, and saw the boldest of them successful. 

 Having not only abolished old rights, but substitu- 

 ted new forms in their place, they were influenced as 

 much by attachment to the system which they had 

 embraced, as by aversion to that which they had 

 abandoned. This spirit, and those views, were not 

 confined to the ecclesiastics of the new sect. Some 

 of the most powerful princes of the empire embraced 

 them with equal ardour. The elector of Saxony, 

 the marquis of Brandenburg, the landgrave of Hesse- 

 Cassel, the dukes of Lunenburg, the prince ef An- 

 halt-Dessau, together with the deputies of fourteen 

 imperial free cities, joined in the solemn protest allu- 

 ded to, and were present at the diet of Augsburg, 

 to enforce and maintain the confession of faith pre- 

 sented by the learned Melancthon. 



The elector of Saxony did not allow Luther to- 

 accompany him to the diet, lest his presence should 

 inflame the minds of the opposite party to a degree 

 incompatible with the object for which the diet was 

 assembled. For the same reason, he and the confe- 

 derate princes and deputies employed Melancthon, 

 the man of the greatest learning, as well as of the 

 most pacific and gentle spirit, among the reformers, 

 to draw up the confession of their faith, expressed 

 in terms as little offensive to the Roman Catholics, 

 as a regard for truth and consistency would permit. 

 Melancthon, who seldom suffered the rancour of con- 

 troversv to envenom his style, even in writings purely 

 3 



