V 



'256 



B A R B A R O S S A. 



JJsrbarossa. retard the pursuit of his enemies by strewing liis trea- 

 * sures in the way. Overtaken by the activity of the 

 Spanish general about eight leagues from Tremecen, 

 and overpowered by superior numbers, his Turks 

 were cut in pieces to a man, and he himself was slain, 

 while fighting with the most determined valour. Thus 

 perished this noted corsair in the 44th Tear of hi3 

 age, about four years after he had obtained the sove- 

 reignty of Jigel, two years after being acknowledged 

 king of Algiers, and scarcely a twelvemonth after 

 the acquisition of the kingdom of Tremecen. (a) 



BARBAROSSA, Hayradin, upon receiving in- 

 telligence of the defeat and death of his brother 

 Horuc, assembled the Turks together in Algiers, to 

 consult as to the most proper measures of safety. 

 Aware of the well-grounded aversion, which the Al- 

 gerines had always entertained towards their govern- 

 ment, and alarmed by the strength of the Spanish 

 army in their neighbourhood, they proposed at tirst 

 to embark their troops and their plunder, and entire- 

 ly to abandon the city of Algiers. But the Spanish 

 commander, instead of pursuing his victory, having 

 withdrawn the greater part of his forces from Africa, 

 Barbarossa's adventurers were encouraged to keep 

 their station, and he was instantly proclaimed king 

 of Algiers, and high admiral of the sea. Perceiving, 

 however, the growing impatience of the Arabs under 

 his government, and having discovered symptoms of 

 immediate insurrection, he put his dominions under 

 the protection of the Grand Signior, received the 

 title of viceroy or bashaw of Algiers, and was fur- 

 nished with ample means of defence against all his 

 enemies. He applied himself with the utmost vigour 

 to fortify his capital, to improve his harbour, and to 

 increase his navy. He reduced the Spanish fortresses 

 in his neighbourhood, overawed the -adjoining Arab 

 tribes, and carried on the most daring depredations 

 against all the maritime powers of Europe. At 

 length A. D. 1533, partly as a reward for his great 

 services, partly from jealousy of his growing power, 

 and partly on account of his eminent talents as a naval 

 -commander, Solyman I. called him irom the govern- 

 ment of Algiers, and placed him at the head of the 

 Turkish marine, as the only person in his dominions 

 capable of opposing the celebrated Andrew Doria, 

 the admiral of Charles V., and the greatest sea officer 

 of his age. " Proud of this distinction," says Dr 

 Robertson, " Barbarossa repaired to Constantinople ; 

 and, with a wonderful versatility of mind, mingling 

 the arts of a courtier with the boldness of a corsair, 

 gained the entire confidence both of the Sultan and 

 his Vizier." He was accompanied to the Otto- 

 man court by Alraschid, prince of Tunis, who had 

 solicited his support against his younger brother 



Muley Hascen ; and he communicated to Solyman a Barbaras*. 



treacherous plan which he had formed of ssexing V * 



Tunis to the Turkish empire, by using tin- name 

 influence of the exiled prince. Alraschid was ghat 

 up in the seraglio, and never heard Barba- 



, wiio pretended to have him on board iiis galley, 

 sailed to Tunis with a fleet of 2.j() vessels ; jrot p 

 session of the place by means of that prince's adhe- 



; and then compelled the inhabitants to ac. 

 knowledge Solyman as their sovereign, and himself as 

 his viceroy. Having completely established himself 

 in his new kingdom, he renewed his piracies against 

 the Christian states to so great an extent, and with 

 such savage barbarity, that at length the emperor 

 Charles V. rouzedby the daily complaints of his out. 

 rages, and moved by the entreaties of the exiled Mu- 

 ley Hascen, resolved to deliver Europe from the 

 scourge of his depredations, and putting himself at 

 the head of a powerful fleet and army, he sailed for 

 Tunis in the mouth of July 1535. Barbarossa, on 

 his part, was both prepared and determined to make 

 a vigorous defence ; but he was unable to withstand 

 the deliberate courage and discipline of his assailants. 

 His strong fortress of the Goletta was taken by as- 

 sault after a desperate resistance ; his army was de- 

 feated in spite of all his exertions, within sight of his 

 capital ; the guns of the citadel were turned against 

 him by the Christian captives, who had gained their 

 liberty during his absence ; and he saved himself with 

 difficulty by a precipitate flight to Bona. (See a 

 more detailed account of the preceding events in the 

 article Algiers.) Having returned to Constantinople, 

 he was again appointed to command the fleets of So- 

 lyman, and was employed in various important expe- 

 ditions ; in the war 'against the Venetians in 1537, in 

 the invasion of Arabia Felix in 1538, and in an attack 

 upon the islands of the Archipelago in 1539. In 1.51-3 

 he scoured the coast of Calabria with a fleet of 1 10 

 galleys ; took and plundered the city of Reggio ; ad- 

 vanced to the mouth of the Tiber, to the great ter- 

 ror of the inhabitants of Rome and the neighbouring 

 country; sailed to join the French fleet at Marseilles, 

 and then directed his course to the city of Nice ; was 

 there repulsed with considerable loss, and at length 

 obliged to retire upon the approach of Doria to 

 relief. After ravaging the coasts of Naples and Tus- 

 cany, he returned to Constantinople in 1544; and 

 continued to direct the naval affairs of the Ottomau 

 empire till the year 1547* when he died of a sudden 

 fit of sickness about the 70th year of his age. See 

 Robertson's Hist, of Charles V. vol. ii. p. 56, &c. 

 153. Mod. Univ. Hi*, vol. xviii. p. 268, &c. 427. 

 Mignot's Hist, of the Ottoman Emp. vol. i. p. 363 ; 

 vol. ii. p. 18, 22. (a) 



Barbary. 



Boundaries 

 acd extent. 



BARBARY. 



Barbary, the most northern division of Africa, is 

 bounded on the north by the Mediterranean, on the 

 south by Sahara or the Desert, on the east by Egypt, 

 and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Its utmost 

 extent from east to west, from cape Non on the coast 

 of Morocco, to Alexandria on the confines of Egypt, 



is nearly 40, (from the 10th W. to the 30th E. Barbary. 

 Long.) or about 2760 geographical miles. Its 

 breadth in a direct line from north to south, is very 

 unequal, and may be variously estimated according to 

 the portion of the desert which may happen to be 

 included ; but at the widest parts, it can scarcely be 



