B AVA R I A. 



353 



Cavaria. One of the chief articles of exportation from Ba- 

 * v ' varia is wood, vhich is floated down the rivers, and 

 conveyed by the Danube into Hungary, where it is 

 in great request. Tobacco, which is manufactured 

 throughout the whole of this country, affords like- 

 wise a considerable traffic. The other articles of 

 exportation are salt, which brings in about 286,000 

 florins annually ; corn, of which only a very small 

 quantity is exported ; iron, rough hides, raw wool, 

 flax, and hemp. 

 ... | The mountains of Bavaria contain quarries of 



marble, and some of them likewise produce iron, 

 copper, silver, and vitriol. Alum and charcoal are 

 likewise wrought in this country ; and the mines of 

 alum, when re-opened in the year 1767, were expect- 

 ed to yield 400 quintals of that mineral annually. 

 How far these expectations have been realised, we 

 have no opportunity of learning. A few pearls are 

 fished in the neighbourhood of Kotzing and Regen ; 

 but they do not appear to have yet attained full ma- 

 turity, and have neither the water nor hardness of 

 those from the East. Of the salt pits of Bavaria, 

 the most remarkable are those at Reichenhall, whose 

 source is known by the name of the Bounty of God. 

 They are wrought by very curious machinery, and 

 the value of their weekly produce is about 500 guel- 

 ders. 

 Revenues. The revenues of the electorate are of two kinds : 

 the general revenues of the country, the management 

 of which belongs to the states ; and the electoral re- 

 venues, which are administered by the officers of the 

 elector. The general revenues of the country arise 

 from a land-tax, called there stever, the amount of which 

 is regulated by the states. From this tax no portion 

 of the landed property is exempted, whether it belong 

 to the royal domain, to the clurgy, the nobility, or to 

 private individuals. All the estates within the duchy 

 of Bavaria are divided into hnffs, or farms. The 

 hoffs which belong to the domain, and to the nobi- 

 lity and clergy, are given in feu, some for life, some 

 for two or three generations, and others in perpetui- 

 ty. It is on these farms that the tax is levied. The 

 "-imple stever, or land-tax, consists of a twenty-fifth 

 part of the net produce of each farm, a deduction 

 being made for the feu-duty paid by the farmer, and 

 the expense of culture ; but sometimes, in particular 

 exigencies, two or three of these stevers are levied in 

 one year. The electoral revenues arise from alie- 

 nation fines, quit-rents, escheats, and other baro- 

 nial rights ; from the produce of the electoral brewe- 

 ries, and the duties imposed on the breweries of the 

 barons and private individuals ; from the duties of 

 entry on commodities consumed in the towns and 

 boroughs, on foreign wine and tobacco ; from the 

 customs on foreign articles of merchandise ; from the 

 saltworks ; from coinage ; and from the produce of 

 the forests. The whole annual amount of the reve- 

 nues of the duchy of Bavaria, and of the upper pala- 

 tinate, is estimated at 12,000,000 florins. 



Before proceeding to describe the government of 

 Bavaria, it may be proper to give a short sketch of 

 its history, tracing, as far as we are able, the succes- 

 sive steps by which it has arrived at its present state. 

 About 589 years before the Christian jera, the 



VOL. ill. PART J I. 



Boii, a people of Celtic Gaul, crossed the Rhine, and Bavaria, 

 settled in Bohemia. Driven from that country by v~ 



the Marcomanni, in the reign of Augustus, they History, 

 withdrew into Noricum, which thenceforth received 

 the name of Boiaria, or Bajoaria, the country of the 

 Boii. This word was afterwards, by a slight and 

 natural alteration, corrupted into Bavaria, the name 

 which the country still retains. When the wide 

 realms of the Franks were, in the sixth centurv, di- 

 vided among the four sons of Clodovic, Bavaria fell 

 under the dominion of the kings of Austrasia, and 

 was held in viceroyalty by dukes. The first of these 

 dukes, of whom authors speak with certainty, was 

 Gerbaud I., who lived under Clotarus, king of Aus- 

 trasia. His fourth successor Theodore II. divided 

 into four parts the large province of Bavaria. He 

 reserved to himself Ratisbon the capital, together 

 with Noricum, and that part of the province which 

 stretched towards the east : to Theodebert, his eldest 

 son, he gave that part which comprehended Rhetium, 

 the principal town of which was called Bauzanum, 

 or Bozen : Grimoald, his second son, obtained the 

 Sundgau, or the southern part of the province, with 

 the town of Freysingen : the Nordgau, or the north- 

 ern part of Bavaria, which included the town of 

 Nuremberg, and what is now called the Upper Pala- 

 tinate, fell to the share of his third son Theobald. 

 After the death of Theodon and his youngest son, the 

 whole province was divided between the two surviving 

 brothers. All the northern and central parts of this 

 territory came into the possession of Theodebert ; 

 while Grimoald obtained the southern division along 

 with Rhetium. Theodebert was succeeded by his 

 son Ugberg ; Ugberg by Ottilon ; and Ottilon by 

 Tassilon II., who was the last duke of Bavaria, of 

 the ancient family of the Agilsfingians. About the 

 year 788, Tassilon was imprisoned in the abbey of 

 Laurisheim by Charlemagne, king of the Franks, who 

 seized upon his duchy, and delivered the government 

 of it to some of his counts. In the division which 

 was afterwards made of the monarchy of the Franks 

 among the sons of Louis I., Bavaria, with the whole 

 of Germany, was allotted to Louis Germanicus, who 

 took up his residence at Ratisbon. These territories 

 being again divided by the sons of Germanicus in the 

 year 876, Carlomannus became king of Bavaria, and 

 was succeeded first by his brother Louis le Jeune, 

 and afterwards by Charles le Gros, the youngest son 

 of Carlomannus. When the states of the empire de- 

 posed Charles, and elected Arnold, the natural son 

 of Carlomannus, as their monarch, Bavaria acknow- 

 ledged the sovereignty of Arnold, and afterwards of 

 his son Louis. In the year 920, Arnold the Map- 

 grave of Bavaria was made duke of that country by 

 king Henry I. From that time it was successively 

 possessed by Henry, brother of the emperor Otto 

 the Great ; by Otto II., who was deprived of it 

 for having attempted the life of Henry IV. ; by his 

 son-in-law Guelf ; and by Henry the Proud, who, in 

 the year 1138, lost both the duchy of Bavaria and 

 that of Saxony, in consequence of his opposition to 

 the election of Conrad 111. Though his son Henry 

 the Lion succeeded to the possession of these do- 

 mains, yet, as he was placed under the ban of the 

 2t 



