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BOLOGNA. 



Bologna, gy in hell, of an executioner beheading a saint with 

 *""" v- ' a long sword, and of the coronation of Charles V., 

 are deserving of notice. The principal curiosity in 

 this church, however, is the meridian line, drawn by 

 Dominique Cassini in 1653, and renewed in 1695. 

 The line is half the length of the church, and is 

 equal to the 6000th part of the circumference of the 

 globe. It consists of pieces of red and white marble 

 inlaid, about three or four inches broad, and the 

 pieces on which the signs of the zodiac are cut are a 

 foot square. The marbles, which were quite out of 

 repair, were renewed, in 1776, under the direction of 

 M. Zanotti. The gnomon is 83 feet high ; a circu- 

 lar image of the sun, about eight inches diameter, 

 being admitted through a round aperture in the 

 roof. 



The church of St Salvatore is adorned with many 

 fine paintings by Luigi Caracci, (the assumption of 

 the Virgin Mary, and the picture of our Saviour, are 

 by this artist,} Girolami Carpi, Guido, Benevenuto 

 Tisio, Samachino, and Cavedoni. The perspective 

 pieces, by Mitelli ; the marble statue of Christ, by 

 Brunelli ; a MS. of the book of Esther ; a Hebrew 

 MS. of the Old Testament ; and about 300 other 

 MSS. are among the curiosities contained in this 

 church. The building itself is very fine, having three 

 noble chapels on each side. 



The university of Bologna is said to have been 

 founded in 433, by the Emperor Theodosius ; while 

 others are of opinion, that it owed its origin to 

 Charles the Great. If this monarch had not the me- 

 rit of being its founder, it was at least greatly indebt- 

 ed to his generosity, and to that of the Emperor Lo- 

 thario. The first professor of civil law was Ireneri 

 or Irnerio, who was brought here by Lothario. In 

 the time of Andrea and Azzo, the one professor of 

 canon and the other of civil law, it is said that there 

 were no fewer than 10,000 students at the university. 

 The public college, or university, called II Studio, 

 is 213 common paces long, and was built by Barocci 

 of Vignola. Under the word Academy, we have 

 already given a full account of the Institute of Bo- 

 logna. In this establishment, the principal objects 

 deserving of notice are the astronomical school, con- 

 taining a model of the Copernican system, the meri- 

 dian line, cut through a wall a foot thick, under the 

 direction of Manfredi ; the observatory ; the college 

 library ; the school for experimental philosophy ; the 

 academy of sculpture ; the academy for painting ; 

 the anatomical theatre ; and the museum, which con- 

 tains a large collection of antiquities and natural cu- 

 riosities. These admirable institutions, of which a 

 full account will be found in Keysler's Travels, are 

 owing to the liberality of Count Marsigli, one of the 

 generals of Pope Clement XI. ; who, being dismissed 

 From the service, went to Bologna to spend his for- 

 tune in the patronage of the sciences. 



Bologna has given birth to a great number of emi- 

 nent men, who have distinguished themselves in the 

 various departments of literature and science. Azzo, 

 Odofredus, Campeggi, Paleotti, and Ireneri, were 

 among its distinguished lawyers. Mondini Achillini 

 and Marcello Malpighi, were among its anatomists 

 and physicians. Natural history was under obliga- 

 tions to Aldrovandi and Ferdinand Marsigli ; and 



Peter Crescenzi was the first of the modern Italians Bologna, 

 who wrote a considerable work on the art of agricul- v "v~~* 

 ture. The mathematicians and natural philosophers 

 were Ghedini, Manfredi, Zanotti, Beccari, Canterza- 

 ni, Monti, and Galvani. 



A very considerable trade in damasks, sattins, taffe- 

 ties, silks, and velvets, has been carried on in this city 

 since the year 1341. The silk mills are driven by 

 the river Rheno, which also gives motion to a great 

 quantity of machinery for various other purposes. 

 The crapes and gauzes of Bologna are also in high 

 estimation ; the works of the gold beaters is much 

 admired ; and its manufactures of paper and playing 

 cards were reckoned very superior. The crapes, 

 gauzes, and cards of Bologna were exported to 

 France and Germany, and its hemp and flax went to 

 Venice, for the manufacture of sails and cordage. 

 Artificial flowers of all kinds are made in great abun- 

 dance by the nuns ; and a great trade is carried on in 

 hams, dried tongues, sausages, maccaroni, olives, per- 

 fumes, wash-balls, liqueurs, essences, and leather 

 bottles. 



The surrounding country is rich and fertile, and 

 the neighbourhood of Bologna resembles an immense 

 garden. The vineyards are divided by rows of elms 

 and mulberry trees. The melons, olives, and tobacco 

 are particularly celebrated ; and the hemp grows to 

 the remarkable height of twelve and thirteen feet, 

 and has been mistaken by travellers for plantations of 

 young ash trees. The trade of Bologna has been 

 much facilitated by the canal which joins the branch 

 of the Rheno that runs through the city, with the 

 lake of Valle di Marara, from which the merchandise 

 of Bologna is sent to Ferrara, and other places situa- 

 ted on the Po. 



In the time of the Roman republic, Bologna was 

 but a small town, with two gates ; and it is only 

 mentioned in Greek and Latin authors as deriving 

 its name from the nation of the Boii. It would ap- 

 pear from Martial, {Ep. lix. lib. 1.) that, under the 

 first emperors, the Bolognese were particularly po- 

 lished ; and we are expressly informed by that au- 

 thor, that one of the most lucrative trades in this 

 place was that of a shoemaker. Though inferior to 

 the surrounding cities, Bologna gradually rose in im- 

 portance. It acquired celebrity from the interview 

 between Octavius, Anthony, and Lepidus, in an 

 island formed by the Rheno, and from several events 

 during the civil war of these triumvirs. It was not, 

 however, till the 12th and 13th centuries that it became 

 a great and a learned city. It enjoyed a species of 

 independence under the emperors of Germany till the 

 year 1278, when it was given over to Pope Nicholas 

 III. with the exception of some special privileges. 

 The internal discord with which it was agitated, and 

 the wars with neighbouring states, kept it in an un- 

 settled condition, till Julian II., taking advantage of 

 the Venetian war, made himself absolute master of it, 

 expelled the family of the Bentivoglio, and annexed 

 it to the papal dominions. It was stipulated, how- 

 ever, that the Bolognese should have a nuncio at the 

 court of Rome, and an auditor in the Rota ; that 

 the town should not be overawed by a citadel ; and 

 that the effects of the citizens should not be liable to 

 confiscation. The ecclesiastical affairs were decided 



