Bologna, 

 Bolsena. 



BOL 651 B O L 



by the archbishop, while the civil affairs were under BOLSOVER, a town of England in Derbyshire, Bolsover 



the direction of a cardinal legate from Rome, with a is delightfully situated on the declivity of a steep hill, II 



vice legate, and ther assistants. The police and re- which commands an extensive view. The part of the Bulz n0 - ^ 



venue of the town were managed by a council of fifty town which is not upon the hill, is surrounded by a v 



senators, whose president was called the gonjalonicre, very deep ditch and high bank, which extends about 



from his carrying the gonfalone, or standard of the half a mile, and is double at the end of the town next 



republic. Each senator took this office by turns, the church. There was formerly a castle here of 



and continued in it for two months. His authority, great strength, situated on the summit of a hill, on 



however, was merely nominal, as the cardinal legate the north-west side of the town, which belonged to 



influenced every decision. William Peverel, at the time of the Norman conquest. 



In the year 1796, after this city was taken by the Iceland visited its ruins in the reign of Henry VIII. In ' 

 French, Bologna, Ferrara, Modeno, and Reggio, e.n- lt>13, Sir Charles Cavendish erected, on the site of 

 tered into a treaty to form a republic under the the ancient fortress, a modern house, which still ex- 

 name of Respublica Cispadona. Some time afterwards, ists under the name of the Old Castle. It is a-lofty 

 however, these cities united with Lombardy to form structure, nine stories high, supported by stone pil- 

 the Cisalpine republic. Bologna now belongs to the lars, and the most curious Gothic groins. It is 

 kingdom of Italy. Population 70,000. East Long, partly furnished, and is the property of the Duke 

 1 1 21' 15", North Lat. 44 29' 36". See Italy in its of Portland. Bolsover was formerly celebrated for 

 original Glory, Ruin, and Revival, by E. Warcupp, its manufactures of bridle bits, stirrup irons, spurs, 

 Lond. 1660. Keysler's Travels, vol. iii. p. 247 304. and buckles ; but those articles are now chiefly made 

 Drummond's Travels, letter ii. p. 55. Denina's Ta- at Birmingham. The only manufactory in this place 

 bleau Historique Statistique et Moral de la Haute is one of tobacco pipes, which are reckoned the best ' 

 Italie, sect. xvi. p. 289. Reichard's Guide des Voya- >n England. Number of houses 259. Population 

 geur en Europe, torn. i. p. 439. Marquis A ngelette's 1091, in 1801. (h) 

 Notizie dell' Origine e Progressi dell' Instituto delle BOLTING Mill. See Flour Mill. 

 Scienze, Sfc. 1780. Travels from Paris through BOLTON-le-Moors, or Bolton in the Moor, 

 Switzerland and Italy, in 1801 and 1802, by a Na- an ancient and large manufacturing town of England, 

 tive of Pennsylvania, in Philips' Collection, &c. vol. ix. in Lancashire. The town, which is well built, is di- 

 Stolberg's Travels, vol. i. p. 265. ; and Moore's View vided by a rivulet into two parts, called Great and 

 of Society, 4"C. in Italy, vol. i. p. 252. () Little Bolton. Even in the time of Leland, this 



BOLSENA, a town of Italy, in the ecclesiasti- town, and many of the villages in its vicinity, were 

 cal state, situated among wooded mountains, on a engaged in the manufacture of cottons and coarse 

 lake of the same name. The town itself is poor, and woollen goods. The manufacture of fustians, which 

 is indebted for any reputation it enjoys to a pretend- '* still carried on to a considerable extent, was intro- 

 ed miracle. It is surrounded with a pretty high wall, duced into. Bolton at a very early period. Counter- 

 flanked with towers, and surrounded with a dry ditch, panes, calicoes, muslins, dimitties, and all kinds of 



The ancient Volskium, formerly one of the chief articles called Manchester goods, are manufactured 

 cities of Etruria, and said to contain 2000 statues in here, and are sent to Manchester and Liverpool. Be- 

 its temples, squares, and streets, stood on an emi- tween Bolton and Wigan are found great quantities 

 nence behind Bolsena, where several antique marbles, of cannel coal, of which the turners make snuff box- 

 basso-relievos, &c. are seen among its ruins. Pliny es, salts, candlesticks, &c. The canal communica- 

 says that it was destroyed by lightning. tion with Manchester and Bury has proved of great 



The lake of Bolsena, anciently the Lacus Volsinien- advantage to the trade of Bolton. The population 



iium, and the Lacus Tarquiniensis, is about 30 miles of Bolton was, in 



in circumference, and is surrounded with fruitful hills, 1773 5,339 



with several towns and villages at their base. It is 1789 11,739 



frequented by a variety of water birds. Eels of a 1801 17,416 



prodigious size are caught in it; and it contains a The number of houses in 1801 was 3386. The num. 



great quantity of fish of different kinds. In this lake ber of males 8177, females 9139; of whom 10,066 



are two islands, Martana and Bisentina, or Pressen- were returned as engaged in trade and manufactures. 



tina. The first is very small, and has only a hermi- The annual returns of Bolton are said to exceed a 



tage, with its chapel, and a few trees on its margin ; million sterling. Lime, veins of lead, and calamine, 



while the other is adorned with a fine Franciscan con- were wrought in this parish, but not with great suc- 



vent, and large gardens. It was here that Amala- cess. See Aikin's Description of the Country round 



sontha was assassinated by order of Thcodatus. Pli- Manchester, 1795. (q) 



ny says that these two islands float about with their BOLTONIA, a genus of plants of the class Syn- 



groves, sometimes assuming a triangular, and some- genesia, and order Polygamia Superflua. See Bo- 



times a globular form.* Between Bolsena and Re- tany. (u>) 



dicofani are several fine basaltic columns. East Long. BOLZANO, Bolzac, or Botzen, a town of 



11 54', North Lat. 42 37'. See Keysler's Travels, Bavaria, in the Tyrol, situated on the river Eysak, 



vol. ii. p. 89. (o) near its confluence with the Adige. It is a fine thri- 



" Insulne fluctuantes in Tarquiniensi Lacu magno Italiae duae nemora circumferunt, nunc triquetram figuram cdcntet, 

 nunc rotundam complcxu, ventis impellentibus, quadratum nunquam." Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. ii. cap. 95. 



