BOR 



72- 



linrmio. 



1'lATI. 

 I. XIV. 



n g . i. 



cylinder, is now placed upon the slider K, (Fig. 4.), 

 and wedged fast. The cutter head is then moved to 

 the farther end ot ihe axis, and the cylinder lifted into 

 its place. The standard B is returned, and the whole 

 machine brought to the state of Fig. 5, the cylinder 

 being by estimation adjusted concentric with the axis 

 D. Two bars of iron are now wedged into the aper- 

 tures c, c in the axis, and applied to the ends of the 

 cylinder ; while the axis is turned round, they act as 

 compasses to prove the concentricity of the cylinder. 

 Small iron wedges are driven round the cylinder to 

 adjust it with the utmost accuracy ; and in this state 

 the cylinder is ready for boring. 



The next operation is fitting the cutters, which 

 are fastened into the block L by wedges, and adjust- 

 ed by turning the axis round, to ascertain that they 

 all describe the same circle. The boring now com- 

 mences by putting the mill and axis in motion, and 

 the machine requires no attention, except that the 

 weight P is lifted up a.s often as it descends by the 

 motion of the cutters or steelings. When the cut- 

 ters are drawn through the cylinder, they are set to a 

 circle a small quantity larger, and returned through 

 the'cylinder a second time. For common work, these 

 two operations are sufficient ; but the best cylinders 

 are bored many times, in order to bring them to a pro- 

 per cylindrical surface. The last operation is turn- 

 ing the Haunch n of the cylinder perfectly flat, by 

 wedging a proper cutter into the head. This is of 

 great importance, to ensure that the lid will fit per- 

 pendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The cylinder 

 is now finished and removed. 



The accuracy of this machine depends on the bo- 

 ring bar DD being turned upon its own gudgeons; 

 and if it is turned to the same diameter throughout, 

 it will certainly be perfectly straight. While the 

 axis is in the operation of turning, a piece of hard 

 wood should be fitted into the grooves in the cylinder. 

 The slider K is first bored out, and afterwards ground 

 upon the axis with emery, to fit as true as possible. 



The elevation of a mill proper for moving two of 

 these machines, is represented in Fig. 1. The pinion 

 30 is supposed to be on the axis of a water wheel, 

 and turns the two wheels 60, 60, which have project- 

 ing axes, with a cross cut similar to the head of a 

 screw, as is shewn in the Figure. 



The ends of the boring axes have similar notches, 

 and by putting keys in between them, the motion 

 may be communicated or discontinued at pleasure, by 

 the removal of the key. (j. f.) (o) 



BORMIO, a county in Switzerland, lying at the 

 foot, and in the midst of the Rhetian Alps, upon the 

 confines of the Tyrol and the Grisons. Surrounded 

 on every side by lofty mountains, it has only one nar- 

 row opening connecting it with the Valteline, and 

 apparently formed by the river Adda, which (lows 

 through it. This opening is named the LSerra. The 

 other accesses to Bormio lie across the rugged Alps, 

 which at all times are difficult and toilsome, and in 

 winter frequently impassable. This county, which is 

 about 15 milos in length and 14> in breadth, is divi- 

 ded into live communities or districts ; viz. Bormio, 

 including the capital and several dependent villages ; 

 the valley of Furba ; the valley of Pedinosa ; the 

 valley of Cepino ; and the valley of Luvino. It for- 



BOR 



med. once a part of the Valteline, from which it was Bormio. 

 disjoined about the end of the twelfth century, when 

 it became a separate county. After having frequent- 

 ly changed masters, and sustained many destructive 

 wars, it was at length reduced under the dominion of 

 the Grisons, who made a conquest of it in the year 

 1512. In the new division of Switzerland, recently 

 made by its French conquerors, the county of Bor- 

 mio, with the Valteline, and Chiavenna, form a part of 

 the Cisalpine republic. 



The county of Bormio is, in general, very fertile. 

 Its mountains, besides producing considerable quan- 

 tities of %vood, afford excellent pasturage for cattle ; 

 and its valleys yield luxuriant crops of grain. It 

 would appear, however, that the rearing of cattle is 

 the principal object of attention ; for the inhabitants 

 are obliged to import corn and other articles of provi- 

 sion from different countries. For their wine they 

 are indebted to the Valteline ; for corn, to the Ty- 

 rol ; for corn and rice, to Milan ; for linen, to Ber- 

 gamo and Appenzel; and for cloth, to Germany. 

 Their exports consist of cattle, cheese, and iron, 

 which is obtained from the mines of Freli, in the plain 

 of Pedinoso, wrought at the expence of a private in- 

 dividual, who enjoys all the profit, after paying a 

 small annual rent to the community. The honey 

 produced in Bormio is of the finest quality. The 

 climate is keen, pure, and salubrious. 



The established religionis Popery, nor is any other 

 even tolerated. In spiritual affairs, the inhabitants 

 of Bormio are under the jurisdiction of the bishop of 

 Coire. Their priests are held in great reverence, 

 and enjoy peculiar privileges, which extend even to 

 those who wear the clerical habit. Before Switzer- 

 land was revolutionised by the French, most of the 

 peasants possessed a small portion of land ; and in 

 consequence of the freedom of their government, were 

 much happier than their neighbours of the Valteline 

 and Chiavenna. Population 14,000. For further 

 particulars relative to the former government of Bor- 

 mio, the reader may consult the third volume of 

 Coxe's Travels in Switzerland. See also Diction- 

 vairc de la Suisse, (p) 



BORMIO, the capital of the above county, is 

 beautifully situated at the foot of Mount Braglio, 

 between the rivers Adda and Fredolfo. The inter- 

 nal appearance of the town is very paltry. The 

 houses are built of plastered stone, and some of them 

 would make a tolerable figure, were they not disgra- 

 ced by the neighbourhood of others with paper win- 

 dows, or with wooden window shutters in the style 

 of the Italian cottages. The palazzo, or town-house, 

 contains a suite of miserable apartments for the resi- 

 dence of the podesta, or chief magistrate, a chamber 

 for the courts of judicature, and a room in which the 

 representatives of the people assemble. There is here 

 a chapter composed of an arch-priest and ten canons. 

 The Jesuits have had an establishment in this town 

 since the year 1612. About half a league from Bor- 

 mio are the warm baths of St Martin Melina, in trx- 

 valley of Premaglia, one of the quarters of the coun- 

 ty. They are celebrated for their efficacy in cases 

 of rheumatism, catarrhs, and apoplexy. East Long. 

 10 21', North Lat. 46 17'. See Coxe's Travels 

 in Switzerland. Dictionnaire de la Suisse. () 



