AMERICAN FORESTRY 



729 



furrowed surface of the snow, and reaches 

 its maximum density about one-quarter inch 

 below the surface. A slight scraping will 

 produce in some places streaks of almost 

 blood red. On the tongue its flavor sug- 

 gests watermelon. A handful of snow, 

 taken up and allowed to melt away will 

 leave a powdery red stain. 



Essentially an Artie species, Protococcus 

 nivalis has introduced itself into the 

 United States within the past decade. It 

 is now found in Glacier and Mount Rain- 

 ier National Parks. So far as known it has 

 not been reported in other sections of Colo- 

 rado. It is somewhat of a mystery how the 

 spore is carried over such great distances. 

 Possibly it is borne on the Chinook winds. 



FREIGHT ON LUMBER. 



The New York State College of Forestry 

 referring to a statement made by Colonel 

 William B. Greeley, chief forester of the 

 United States, that it now costs Chicago 

 $22,500,000 more a year for freight on lum- 

 ber than it did thirty years ago, inquires 

 thirty years hence what will freight on lum- 

 ber cost Chicago? If it costs the windy 

 city such an enormous sum a thousand 

 miles nearer the supply, what will it cost 

 New York in another generation? The 

 country's annual freight bill on lumber is 

 now $200,000,000 and when the southern 

 timber supply is exhausted, as it will be 

 at the present rate of consumption in eight 

 or ten years, the entire nation will have to 

 obtain lumber from the Pacific coast 

 states, Oregon, Washington and Cali- 

 fornia. It is estimated that the annual 

 freight bill for the nation will have in- 

 creased about 4009^ at that time, in other 

 words, the people of this country will be 

 paying $800,000,000 for freight on lumber. 



HOW TO TELL BIRCH, BEECH AND 

 MAPLE APART 



"DIRCH, beech and maple are very similar 

 in appearance and have approximately 

 the same weight. Hence it is comparatively 

 easy to mistake one of them for another. 

 A method which anyone can use to dis- 

 tinguish them is suggested by the United 

 States Forest Products Laboratory. The 

 method makes use of the relative width of 

 the pores and medullary rays in the three 

 woods. 



If the end grain of birch, beech or maple 

 is cut smooth with a sharp knife and ex- 

 amined with a hand lens, the pores will be 

 seen as tiny holes distributed fairly evenly 

 over the surface, and the medullary rays 

 will appear as narrow lines of a different 

 shade running at right angles to the growth 

 rings. 



In beech some of the rays are very dis- 

 tinct even without a lens. The large rays 

 are fully twice as wide as the largest pores. 



In maple the rays are less distinct, and 

 are considerably larger than the pores in 



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.ne largest are about the same width as 

 ;he largest pores. 



In birch the rays are very fine, invisible 

 without a lens. The pores are several times 

 larger than the rays, usually being visible 

 to the unaided eye as minute holes on the 

 end grain and as fine grooves on dressed 

 faces of the board. The pores in birch 

 are considerably larger than the pores in 

 beech or maple. 



The appearance of the medullary rays 

 on a "quartered" surface is also distinctive. 

 Here they appear in beech as distinct 

 "flakes," the largest being between one- 

 sixteenth and one-eighth inch in height 

 when measured along the grain of the 

 wood. In maple they are considerably 

 smaller, rarely attaining a height of one- 

 sixteenth of an inch. In birch they are 

 comparatively inconspicuous. 



THE PULP AND PAPER 

 TRADING CO. 



21 East 40th Street New York Cit7 



DEALERS IN DOMESTIC CHEMICAL 



AND MECHANICAL PULPS AND 



PAPER 



AGENTS FOR 

 J. & J. Rogers Company, Ausable Forks, N. Y. 



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 Mills at Augusta, Georgia and Memphis, Tenn. 

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Port Huron, Mich. 



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