212 WATER, HEAT, AIR, AND LIGHT IN THE HOUSE 



ones were the crane, a swinging frame from which the cooking utensils 

 were hung, and the andirons, or "dogs," used to hold the fuel up from 

 the hearth, so that the air might have better access. In large fireplaces 

 a huge " backlog" was used. This was placed at the back of the fire, 

 while smaller pieces of fuel were laid on the andirons, before it. The 



Fig. 201. 

 The Fireplace of a Modern Living Room. 



backlog often lasted for days, and from it the new fire was built in the 

 morning. 



239. Stoves. In a stove the heat produced by burn- 

 ing fuel can be used in a more economical and convenient 

 way than in the fireplace. Stoves are usually of cast iron 

 or steel. The best surfaces for absorbing and radiating 

 heat are not highly polished and plated, but roughened 

 and black (cf. 181). In a cooking stove both the top 

 and the oven must be heated. To heat the oven evenly, 

 we need specially constructed flues, or outlets. If the 

 hot gases formed in burning are allowed to escape at once, 



