310 PLANTS 



Leaves are modified to tendrils, suckers, thorns, spines, etc. 



Steins consist of nodes, or joints. The kind of branching deter- 

 mines the shape of a tree. The stems of dicotyls consist of epidermis, 

 cortex, wood layer, and pith. Annual rings consist of the wood formed 

 in growing seasons. 



Sawing may be slash-sawing or radial-sawing. Quarter-sawing is 

 radial-sawing. 



Sap is the water and dissolved food that rises through the newer 

 wood (sap wood). 



Buds are stems, leaves, and flowers in undeveloped form; they may 

 be terminal, axillary, or adventitious. 



Roots may be tap roots or branching (fibrous) roots. 



Food is stored in underground roots, leaves, and stems. Under- 

 ground stems are rootstocks; underground storage leaves form bulbs. 



Flowers consist of calyx, corolla, stamens, and carpels. Sepals are 

 the parts of the calyx; petals, of the corolla. Simple pistils have only 

 one carpel; compound pistils, two or more. 



The stamen consists of filament and anther. 



The carpel consists of ovary, style, and stigma. 



Seeds are formed after the pollen has fertilized the ovum. Seeds 

 are dispersed by violent bursting of the seed pod, by winged attach- 

 ments, by " stickers," and by fleshy fruits. 



The chief classes of plants are algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, and seed 

 plants. 



Algae are one-celled plants like protococcus, spirogyra, sea weeds, 

 etc. Their reproduction is by cell-division or by sexual methods. 

 Algae contain chlorophyll. 



Fungi are moulds, yeast plants, bacteria, mildews, mushrooms, 

 lichens, etc. They contain no chlorophyll, and feed upon living, dead, 

 or decaying plants or animals. 



Bacteria produce fermentations, as in the souring of milk, decay, 

 etc. Certain kinds produce disease. 



Mosses have leafy stems, and root-like organs, but they do not 

 produce woody stems or flowers. 



Ferns produce woody bundles in their leaves; but their stems are 

 underground. 



