CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHICHLAMYDEAE 243 



type, with its flowers naked or with a bracteate perianth, is 

 very doubtful. Engler states that if any evidence of reduction 

 is obtained, this family would be included among the Rosales, 

 near the Haniamelidaceae. 



VII. JUGLAXDALES. This includes the single family Ju- 

 glandaceae, containing about 30 species. This alliance is dis- 

 tinctly higher than the preceding ones in that there is nearly 

 always a distinct perianth, which in the carpellate flowers is 

 coalescent with the ovary, so that there is a resemblance to 

 epigyny. Disregarding the Balanopsidales and Leitneriales as 

 doubtful and possibly reduction alliances, the Juglandales are to 

 be compared directly with the Myricales. The two were for- 

 merly associated in a single alliance, but the distinct perianth, 

 as well as chalazogamy, serve to distinguish the Juglandales. 

 It is a question whether such differences, and the others asso- 

 ciated with them, are incompatible in a single alliance. 



VIII. FAGALES. This includes the Betulaceae and Faga- 

 ceae, together containing about 420 species, nearly 350 of which 

 belong to the Fagaceae. This is a parallel alliance with Juglan- 

 dales, having a distinct but bracteate perianth, which in the 

 carpellate flowers is more or less coalescent with the ovary. 

 Among Betulaceae, also, chalazogamy occurs, as in Juglanda- 

 ceae and Casuarinaceae. 



IX. URTICALES. This includes the Ulmaceae, Moraceae, 

 and Urticaceae, together containing about 1,560 species, the 

 large families being Moraceae with about 920 species, and the 

 Urticaceae with about 520. This is an alliance parallel with 

 the Juglandales and Fagales, with the distinct and bracteate 

 perianth, which, as in Fagales, is definitely cyclic. 



X. PROTEALES. This includes the single great Australasian 

 family Proteaceae, with about 950 species. In this alliance 

 the next stage in the development of the cyclic perianth becomes 

 evident. Although it is sometimes green and bract-like, in the 

 majority of cases it is petaloid, but there is no differentiation of 

 calyx and corolla. A character used to distinguish this alliance 

 from the following is the single carpel with well-developed 

 ovule. 



XI. SAXTALALES. This includes the Loranthaceae, Myzo- 

 dendraceae, Santalaceae, Grubbiaceae, Opiliaceae, Olacaceae, 

 and Balanophoraceae, together containing about 1,260 species, 



