The Origin and Nature of Lichens 



it will expand into a beautiful fresh 

 plant. One may appreciate their 

 wonderful absorbing power by 

 comparing the dry forest trail with 

 a wet one. The old tree stumps 

 are decked, as for a banquet, with 

 branching, coral-like Cladonia, a 

 lavish display of fairy candelabra! 

 The red tips of Cladonia cristatella and the brown tips of Cla- 

 donia mitrula are in rich contrast with their frosted green 

 branches. The gray goblets of Cladonia pyxidata and Cladonia 



A magnified portion of Cladonia fur- 

 cola (Huds.) Fr. (g.) The alga protococcus 

 enveloped by colourless strands (h) of a 

 fungus. 



Pith 



An ideal section through the thallus of a lichen at a point where an apolhecium is situated. 



gracilis are suggestive of many a wood-sprite revel. In cedar 

 woods and on sunny mountain slopes, Reindeer-lichen (Cla- 

 donia rangiferind), covers the ground with a carpet of loveli- 

 est grays, crisp 

 and crumbling 

 when dry but 

 soft as a sponge 

 when moist, and 



"O'er yon bare 

 knoll the pointed 

 cedar shadows 

 drowse on the 

 crisp, gray moss." 

 J. R. Lowell An 

 Indian Summer 

 Reverie. 



Gyrophora cylindrica, (L) Ach. (A.) A magnified section of a lichen 

 thallus at a point where a perithecium (Pycnidium) is situated: 

 showing (o) the upper surface. () the under surface, (m)the pithy 

 layer, (b) the interior and (c) the opering of the perithecium. 



(B) A highly magnified bit from the interior of A; (j) sterig- 

 mata the tiny stalks upon which the spores are borne, (w) Wall 

 of the pycnidium. (m) Side and end views of hyphae from the 



in Lapland feed P ittv laver - 



. ... (v) Sterigmata with spores from the lichen Cladonia Novae 



almost entirely 



The reindeer 



