Mosses and Lichens 



because their vegetative body is a "thallus," that is to say, is 

 not divided into stem and leaf, like that of higher plants, but 

 grows in water or over a substratum in the form of single cells, 



(b) Protonema branching from (h) a primary 



filament of protonema. 



(*) A bud from which a new plan t will grow, 

 (if) ARhizoid. 



Funaria hygrometrica. 



Germinating spore 

 (i) Spore wall. 

 (w) Rhizoid. 



(v) Vacuole in protonema 

 cell. 



chains of cells, or ribbon-like patterns of varying designs. The 

 Bryophytes or moss-plants agree in many of their stages of 

 development with the Thallophytes. Many of the liverworts 

 (Hepaticce),o\\e division of the Bryophytes, have never developed 



Under side showing stipules. 



Upper side. 

 Stipule. 



Ptttidivm ciliart. A leafy-hepatic. The magnified stipule shows 

 the simple cell-structure. 



further in form than the ribbon-stage or thallus, while others 

 show transitional stages from this ribbon-like form to a leafy 

 stem such as all leafy-mosses possess. 



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