138 



PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY. 



ture, the cattle will eat the foliage of many species, pro- 

 vided it is within their reach. They also trample on the 

 young seedlings and destroy them in this way. As a 

 result, all good foresters are, on general principles, op- 

 posed to the pasturing of cattle in woodlands. Espe- 



FIG. 48. Seedlings are sometimes set close to stumps to protect 

 them from the trampling of cattle. 



cially is this the case where the trees are of the broad- 

 leaved species, which are preferred by cattle. However, 

 in the case of well-established forests in which there is 

 no special desire for a renewal of growth, no great injury 

 can come from moderate pasturing. Cattle are rigidly 

 excluded from most European forests, but in some of 

 the more remote districts, where timber is still quite 

 cheap, it is customary to pasture forests. Of course, 



