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AMERICAN FORESTRY 



perhaps passing through several small tunnels. From 

 start to finish the total ascent may be over a thousand 

 feet. When the grade is too steep for the locomotives 

 a cableway is installed for hauling up the empty flat cars 

 and lowering the full loads. Sometimes the large cedars 

 grow on a slope so steep as to appear to the casual visitor 

 well nigh perpendicular, and to reach them the men must 

 often make their way through underbrush which is al- 

 most impassable to those unaccustomed to the woods. 



GETTING OUT CEDAR LOGS 



This shows one of the methods of logging with a powerful donkey 

 engine in the heavy western forests. 



The logs, twelve to sixty feet in length and averaging 

 several feet in diameter, are dragged to the loading points 

 by means of a donkey engine so rigged that the heavy 

 cable passes over a pulley block one hundred and fifty 

 feet above the ground. In this way the forward end of 

 the log is lifted and easily over-rides stumps, rocks and 

 other obstructions. Frequently a heavy aerial cableway 

 is used to raise the whole log clear of the ground, thus 

 avoiding breakage of the easily split cedar, and where the 

 distance to the railroad is too great the logs must be 

 rehandled by another donkey engine which hauls them 

 along an expensively constructed skid-road built of large 

 trunks laid in the form of a trough. Were it not for the 

 large wood content of a single one of these logs the cost 

 would be much greater than it is. In fact the logger 

 actually loses money on any trees less than ten to 

 twenty inches in diameter, and such trees are regularly 

 left in the woods. This would be desirable, providing 



thus naturally for a perpetual crop of timber, were it 

 not for the fact that the great logs, being snaked along 

 to the logging road by the powerful steam donkeys, con- 

 tinually twist and jam between the smaller trunks, and 

 their weight striking a growing tree eight or ten inches 

 in diameter will bring it crashing to the ground, to lie 

 there as fuel for the next forest fire that gets into the 

 timber. 



If we had just these small trees growing on easier 

 ground nearer the market, say in Michigan, each one 

 might readily have a sale value just as it stands in the 

 woods, of three or four dollars, and at that price could 

 then be logged, manufactured and sold at a profit with- 

 out raising the price of shingles. 



The various kinds of paper, asbestos, asphalt and metal 

 shingles were first manufactured to supply roofing at a 

 cheaper initial cost than wooden shingles. At first they 



FROM FOREST TO ROOF 



A red cedar lumbering operation in British Columbia woods. The logs 

 are taken to tidewater and the mill on the logging railroad. 



were sold chiefly for temporary roofs, such as sheds 

 and garages. Later, however, the manufacturers were 

 able to improve the coloring and appearance so that very 

 handsome effects could be obtained, supplementing their 

 campaign of introduction with advertising on a large 

 scale, and a guarantee of from five to nine years' life. 

 They introduced a real improvement in the roofing trade 

 by selling on a basis which the consumer could himself 

 understand; namely, at so much per Square. A Square 

 was easily explained to be one hundred square feet, and 

 the purchaser could easily calculate for himself just how 



