492 



AMERICAN FORESTRY 



ferent trees and plants of which I collected a number and 

 later photographed ; several of these are reproduced here 

 as illustrations. One would be surprised to see how 

 many kinds of galls can be discovered and collected in 

 a few hours in such a locality as I have just mentioned. 

 They will be found on various species of trees, especially 

 on the oaks, 

 maples, w i 1 - 

 lows, conifers, 

 and others; 

 while wild 

 roses, black- 

 berry bushes, 

 goldenrod, and 

 other plants 

 will furnish a 

 large number 

 of others. All 

 such specimens 

 I have taken 

 to my home 

 and studied 

 very carefully ; 

 and, through 

 the aid of my 

 microscope and 

 many books on 

 the subject, I 

 have learned a 

 good deal 

 about them. 



Goldenrod is 

 a n especially 

 i n t e r es t i n g 

 plant to exam- 

 ine for such 

 purposes, and it 

 has long been 

 known that the 

 plant is subject 

 to the attacks 

 of several spe- 

 cies of parasitic 

 insects. One 

 form appears 

 to devote itself 

 to that part ot 

 its victim from 

 which the flow- 

 er stalks spring 

 and the leaves culminate. As a result nearly all of the 

 former drop ofT, while a most remarkable proliferation 

 of the leaves at the supjerior end of the "rod" follows 

 and we have the condition here shown in Figure 4. An- 

 other species attacks the stem of this plant, causing an 

 elongate, ellipsoidal swelling to appear, of which authors 

 have presented illustrations in their works. Lutz, in his 



THIS CURIOUS OAK GALL IS ONE OF GREAT BEAUTY 



Fig. 10 So conspicuous is this form in oak woods that it attracts the attention of every 

 passer-by. It is woolly, pure white, and speckled with small pink dots. 



"Field Book," on page 472, gives us quite a list of the 

 insect galls found on various parts of the goldenrod, 

 illustrating three of them by pen-sketches on Plate CI. ; 

 he makes the statement that "about 150 kinds of galls 

 have been recorded from American Compositae." 



Doctor Holland, in his well-known "Moth Book," 



presents us 

 with many val- 

 uable and in- 

 teresting a c - 

 counts of such 

 moths as attack 

 goldenrod and 

 illustrates them 

 with instruc- 

 tive cuts of 

 the insects and 

 their larvae, to- 

 getheil with 

 specimens o f 

 their ravages. 

 .Special refer- 

 ence is made to 

 the so-called 

 "M i s n a m e d 

 Moth" (p. 418) 

 the Solidago 

 Gall-moth, and 

 others (p. 425). 

 I have fre- 

 quently collect- 

 ed the remark- 

 able galls we 

 so often find 

 on the low and 

 high vine black- 

 berries ; and 

 figures of them 

 from specimens 

 in my own col- 

 lection, are 

 shown here on 

 Plate 5. In the 

 case of the low- 

 vine blackberry 

 we often find 

 a roundish gall 

 on the stem as 

 it emerges 

 above ground. 

 This is at first of a dusky green, but subsequently is 

 shaded with a dull red. In the center it is filled with a 

 pith-like substance containing many little rounded cells. 

 On the high-vine blackberry there is often found a very 

 conspicuous gall that has the form of an irregular, 

 nodular mass like wood tough and hard. At first this 

 is of a deep green color ; but as time goes on it gradually 



