234 



AMERICAN FORESTRY 



One frequently sees, for example, some enormous pine 

 blown down during a severe gale. It is stretched out 

 upon the ground for its entire length, with its roots more 

 or less exposed. The latter are very often seen to be by 

 no means extensive in proportion to the size of the 

 tree nor did they by any means sink deep into the earth 

 during its life; the wonder is that the tree did not blow 



ONE OF THE PRETTIEST LITTLE BUTTERFLIES OCCURRING IN 

 THIS REGION; IT IS KNOWN AS THE BUCKEYE 



Fig. 11. During some seasons this species is quite rare, while at others 

 it may be wonderfully abundant, more particularly in the South. 



down before. Other species of trees have enormous roots 

 that branch below ground in all directions. As a matter 

 of fact, it is a very interesting study to carefully con- 

 sider all that the roots of trees present, and the forester 

 should allow no opportunity to pass whereby our knowl- 

 edge of such a subject may be augmented. 



NUT TREES FOR ROADS AND PARKS 



11/fAPLES, poplars, elms, willows and the ailanthus are 

 - LT - 1 seen along roadways and in parks wherever public 

 ambition for shade has been sufficient in degree to induce 

 authorities to put in trees of one sort or another. For 

 the most part our northern highways are unshaded ex- 

 cept by such trees as may accidentally spring up by the 

 roadside, and, after competition with various enemies, 

 finally reach above the fences, writes Robert T. Morris, 

 a member of the American Forestry Association of 

 Washington, in the American City on "Nut Trees for 

 Roads and Parks." Trees for city roads and parks, par- 

 ticularly in the larger cities, are often enough selected 

 by some nurseryman favored by the political powers 

 that be, and the nurseryman furnishes what he wishes 

 to supply to the uncritical purchaser. The time for this 



sort of procedure is passing, and people are beginning 

 to awaken on the subject. 



Progress in civilization along this line will mean that 

 we are gradually to dispose of the kind of trees that 

 furnish nothing but bunches of leaves which in due sea- 

 son litter the ground and when swept up contain nothing 

 more than incidental trash. Now, if these trees were to 

 give place to nut trees and fruit trees, there would be 

 very much besides leaves to be swept up in the autumn. 

 One of my friends in Illinois told me that in 1918 he 

 received $8 per bushel for his black walnuts of a par- 

 ticularly good kind, and that some of the trees bore as 

 many as 14 bushels to the tree. 



Suppose that we were to supplant willows and poplars 

 along the roadside with trees which would give us 

 bushels of product worth many dollars per bushel when 

 the leaves were swept up in the fall. It is no more diffi- 

 cult to set out a black walnut than it is to set out a 

 willow or poplar. The first cost is no greater if we set 

 nit seedling trees, although, if particularly good kinds 

 of grafted black walnut are set out, the first cost is some- 

 thing more yet negligible in view of the return. Invest- 

 ment in a nut tree differs from an investment in an indus- 

 trial enterprise, for the reason that the plant of the 

 industrial enterprise is decreasing in value from wear 

 and tear the moment after it is completed. A nut tree, 

 on the other hand, is increasing in value from the moment 

 it is set out. 



HALF THE BALSAM KILLED 



/CONSUMERS of print paper in this country say 

 ^ they are between the devil and the deep sea. Con- 

 sumption has so far outstripped production that prices 

 of paper have mounted to undreamed of heights. 

 Many newspapers have been forced to suspend publica- 

 tion and others have been consolidated, while most of the 

 big dailies are trying to conserve by reducing the num- 

 ber of their pages. The pinch of the paper famine is 

 everywhere felt. 



The Weekly News Letter of the United States Depart- 

 ment of. Agriculture says that two alternatives present 

 themselves in the emergency : "The country must depend 

 increasingly upon Canada," it says, "eventually aban- 

 doning many of its own mills, or the nation's policy with 

 regard to its private forests must be radically changed. 

 Of all supplies of paper, wood and pulp used by the 

 United States about one-third now comes from Canada." 



The tree known as Canada balsam or fir in Canada 

 and the Eastern United States has come to be regarded 

 as second only to spruce as a source of wood pulp. A 

 very large proportion of the balsam of all of Eastern 

 Canada and of districts in the State of Maine is either 

 dying or dead. Canada's contribution of pulp and paper 

 to the States is likely, therefore, to decline heavily in the 

 next few years. Already there is said to be a movement 

 in Canada to prohibit the exportation of pulp wood to 

 the United States. 



S. A. Graham, of the University of Minnesota, spent 

 six months in the woods of Quebec and New Brunswick 

 last year as a special field investigator of the Entomo- 



