INSECTS AND DISEASES WHICH INJURE TREES 



309 



and water is a satisfactory control for cutworms, including the 

 species generally called the "army worm." Cutworms generally 

 hide under debris or rubbish or in the ground during the day, 

 and come out to feed at night. A single broadcast application in 

 the late evening of poison bran mash is generally sufficient for 

 effective control of these troublesome pests. 



POISON BRAN MASH FORMULA FOR PREPARATION. 

 Ingredients- Large Quantity Small Quantity 



Bran -25 lbs. 1 qt 



Paris green -* "> 1 teaspoonful 



Common molasses 1 flt. 1 tablespoonful 



Water just enough to thoroughly moisten. 



Common Contact Sprays (for Sucking Insects). 



As previously stated, insects which derive their nourishment 

 from the juices of plants through a tiny sucking beak, can be 

 controlled most satisfactorily by the use of the so-called contact 

 sprays. Certain materials which are corrosive or oily in nature 

 kill the insects by contact with the body. In spraying for this 

 group of insects it is necessary that the spray material hit every 

 insect to be killed, and for this reason more thorough application 

 of the spray material must be made. 



Lime-Sulphur Solution. A boiled chemical mixture of lime 

 and sulphur, containing many peculiar compounds of these two 

 materials, has been for several years a standard spray for the 

 control of certain species of scale insects and plant lice, particu- 

 larly in the dormant season. 



In addition to its value as an insecticide, lime-sulphur, particu- 

 larly in strong solution, is an efficient fungicide, aiding greatly in 

 the control of scab, mildew and certain other fungous diseases. 

 It can be readily used in conjunction with arsenate of lead as a 

 combined spray. 



Kerosene Emulsion. This very generally used contact insecti- 

 cide can be readily prepared at home. The stock solution should 

 be made up with care by following directions carefully, after 

 which it must be diluted to the proper proportions for spraying. 



KEROSENE EMULSION. 

 (Stock Solution 66% Oil.) 



Kerosene (coal oil) 2 gals. 



Soft or rain water 1 gal- 

 Hard soap % lo- 

 in small quantities use- 

 Kerosene 1 P*- 



Soft water % Pt- 



Ivory Soap H cake 



Dissolve the soap and add the kerosene and shake violently 

 in a quart Mason jar. Dilute as directed below. 



DILUTIONS FOR KEROSENE EMULSION. 



For 15% spray add 1 part stock solution to i'/ 2 parts of water 



For 12% spray add 1 part stock solution to i'/ 3 parts of water 



For 16% spray add 1 part stock solution to 5> 2 parts of water 



For E% spray add 1 part stock solution to V/, parts of water 



For 6% spray add 1 part stock solution to 10 parts of water 



For dormant spraying 12-15 per cent kerosene emulsion can 

 he safely and satisfactorily used, but for spraying of foliage 

 in summer never use stronger than 10 per cent, 6 or 8 per cent 

 emulsion being the more advisable percentage for general spray- 

 ing of trees and shrubs. 



Nicotine or Tobacco Sprays. The most satisfactory and safest 

 spray material for killing plant lice (aphis), thrips and other 

 soft-bodied insects is a nicotine preparation. These preparations 

 are put on the market commercially, and, although apparently 



expensive in their concentrated form, when diluted according to 

 directions a very effective spray is obtained at a cost little ex- 

 ceeding one cent a gallon. 



"Black-Leaf 40" is a 40 per cent nicotine-sulphate combination 

 which is very widely used in spraying operations. Other nico- 

 tine preparations of similar or lesser strength are on the market. 

 A 40 per cent nicotine-sulphate solution used at the rate of one 

 part to 1,000 parts of water, with or without soap, is very effec- 

 tive against all forms of the more delicate aphids and tender 

 insects. 



For the black cherry aphis and the black peach aphis it is 

 necessary to use a stronger solution, one part to 600-800 parts 

 of water being recommended. 



Tobacco Decoctions can be prepared readily at home by steep- 

 ing (not boiling) one pound of tobacco stems in three gallons 

 of water in a covered vessel for two or three hours. Strain off 

 the liquid and use as a spray. If very delicate plants, such as 

 new growth on rose bushes or sweet peas, are to be sprayed, 

 this solution can be diluted with equal parts of water. 



Nicotine or tobacco preparations, although very effective for 

 their designated purposes, do not injure foliage and on that 

 account are very desirable sprays. 



Miscible Oils. Certain commercial preparations known as 

 miscible oils which are really in emulsion form and will readily 

 mix with water are now on the market. These are used very 

 successfully in large spraying operations and are particularly 

 successful in dormant spraying for the control of scale insects. 



A Common Fungicide. 



Bordeaux Mixture. On account of the fact that it is often 

 desirable to combine insecticides vyth fungicides in spraying, the 

 formula for the preparation of Bordeaux mixture is included. 

 It should be remembered that this material is in no way fatal 

 to insects, but, on the contrary, is an effective control for various 

 types of fungous diseases. 



BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 



Copper Sulphate, Blue Stone or Blue Vitriol 3 ounces 



Lump Lime or Hydrated Lime 3 ounces 



Water iy 2 gallons 



To make Bordeaux mixture, procure the ingredients at a drug 

 or seed store. If lump lime is used, it must be fresh. Instead 

 of lump lime, some authorities prefer fresh hydrated lime as 

 being just as good and at the same time much simpler to use, 

 needing only to be stirred into the water. Hydrated lime is 

 lime to which enough water to dry-slake it has been added by 

 the manufacturer. It is a powder and does not require slaking. 



For making or holding Bordeaux mixture, use containers of 

 wood, glass or earthenware. In one container dissolve the cop- 

 per sulphate in about one-half gallon of hot water and then 

 dilute with enough cold water to make a total of 1% gallons ; or 

 wrap the copper sulphate in a small piece of cheese-cloth, fill 

 a quart jar with cold water and suspend the copper sulphate 

 into the top of the water; in a couple of hours it will be dis- 

 solved. In another vessel slake the lime and dilute with enough 

 water to make 1J4 gallons. If hydrated lime is used, simply 

 mix it with water. Then pour these two solutions together, 

 pouring the solution of copper sulphate slowly into the mixture 

 of lime and water, stirring vigorously while this process is under 

 way. The stirring insures proper mixing of the two. 



For home mixing the poisons and chemicals required for 

 sprays and other remedies and preventives can be bought at a 

 drug or seed store. The mixtures ready prepared can be bought 

 at a seed store. 



