( 32 ) 



A tliird stratum is composed of smaller trees, all or nearly all evergreens, and seldom 

 higher than '60 to oO feet. They are numerous in species, especially along choungs. Some 

 of the more frequent and characteristic are : Ahodeia longiracemosa, Phoebe puhenceim, 

 Hydiiocarpus hetero])hijlIus, Siphonodon celasirinus, Baccaurea mpida, Micromelum pubcscens, 

 Spafliodea ignea, Turpinia pomifera, Stylocoryne deimjfora, Haasia sp., Cinnamonuim, Ostodes 

 paniculata, Elacocarpus grandifoliuH, floribitndHH, etc., Urioglosnum edule, Tetranthem Roxbnrghii 

 and macrophyUa, Aglaia 2 or 3 species, Iloligarna Grahamii {Semecarpiis Wight), Maem 

 ramentacea, JJrimt/carpus racemomis, Celtis mollinscula, Suregada sp. ; Ardisia anceps and another 

 species, Ficitu macrophijlla, fidtilosa, etc., Millettia atropurpurea and M. sericea, Erythrina mmat- 

 rana along choungs, Balbergia cana, Eugenia formosa, Memccylon ovattim and luteolum f, 

 Saccopetahivi Brandisii, Aporosa dioica, Cwpania glabrata, and Sumatrana, Nanopetalum tnyrian- 

 ihiim, Sittiibaria macrophylla, Cleidion Javanicum, Macaranga gummiflaa, Chaetocarpus castaneae- 

 catpa, Excoecaria baccata, Castanopsis argentea, Sponia oricntalis ? Gunizanthus piloaulus, 

 Cyathoeaiyx martabanica, Ooniothalaimis, Garcinia cornea and heterandra, Eurya serratu, 

 Ginria Microcos, Zanthoxylon Budrunga, Glycosmis citrifolia, Murraya exotica and Koenigii, a 

 Claiiseiia, Atalantia sp., Picrasma Javanica, Ochna Wallichii, Melia Toozendan ? Schizocheton 

 grandiflorum, Heynea pubescens, Jlex godayam, Econymm glaber, Biospyros oleifolia, variegatun 

 and one or two other species, Euphoria Longana, Linociera ternijiora, Cylicodaphne sp,. Atiti- 

 desma, Barringtonia macrostachya ? Nephelimn hypo/eucnm, Vitcx hvterophylla, Myritstica longi- 

 folia, glauca and Jrya, Antidesma nienam, LepisanfhcH montana, and many others. 



Of bamboos I give only the native names, as my examination of Burma bamboos has 

 not yet closed. Bamboos in these forests are very frequent, growing sometimes as high as 

 the stratum of the big trees, say nearly 90 to 100 feet. The kinds especially met with are 

 wabo, wapyoo gyee, waya, kyattounwa, and the smaller sort of wathabwot. Wanway is a 

 large powerful climber. 



Of palms and screw pines, a splendid Livistona, Arenga sacchari/era, Areca 1 or 2 sp. 

 Licuala pvltala, Caryota urens, Wallichia oblongifolia, Zalacca sp. and Calamus arboresccns along 

 choungs, are the more common ones. Pandanus furcatus is also not unfrequent, especially 

 in the hilly parts of Martaban. 



Another stratum, which deserves consideration, consists of shrubs, large and small. 

 Many of the shrubs shoot up with a single stem, like a treelet ; others are climbers 

 Oi- creepers. It is difficult to deal with the members of the latter category, of which some 

 nave stems as thick as trees ; they are stem clasping or climbing, and run into the crowns 

 oi the loftiest trees, often hiding the crowns or drooping down from them in ornamental 

 but almost inaccessible festoons. Such climbers and creepers are Malaisia sp., Ventilago caly- 

 culata. Hibiscus scandens, Illigera 2 sp., Artabotrys Burmanica, Calycopteris Roxburghii,Dalbergia 

 stipulacea ?, Salacia sp., Acrostichum scandens, Colubrina, Zizyphus glabra, Scindapsus pertusus, 

 and officinalis, Pothos scandens, Naravelia smilacifolia, Thimbergia laurifolia, Parana speciosa. 

 Acacia intsia ?, caesia and rugata, Gouania leptosiachya, and integrifolia, Vanilla sp., Jasminum 

 rettculatmn, lattrifolium, anastomosans. and a few other species, Tinospora nudijlora, Stcphania, 

 Cocculus glauceseens, Neuropeltis ovata, Chondrospermum smilaci folium, Parabaena sagittata, Buett- 

 neria aspera and pilosa, Momordica sp., Aspidoptcris, Erythropalum scandens, Bhynchospermum 

 Wallichii, Fagraea globosa, Phyfocrene gigantea, Vitis lanceolaria, oxyphylla, rhodoclada, discolor, 

 pentagona, repens, adnata, etc., Chavica 2^ 3 sp., Uiptage sp., Elaeagnus sp., Mezoneuron ennea- 

 phyllum, Cncstis plafatitha, Combretum decandrum and Chinense, Modecca trilobata, Hodgsonia 

 heteroclita, Ancistrocladus extensns, Toddalia aculeata, Uncaria pilosa, sessilifructus and another 

 sp., Conocep/ialus, Gnetum, Griffithia, Smilax omlifolia and another species, Spatholobus seri- 

 cophylla ?, acuminata, Balbergia cana, Bauhinia ornata, B. anguina, and 3 or 4 species of 

 Calamus. 



The principal erect shrubs are Alsodeia Bengalensis, Mephitidea Wallichii, Ixora (several 

 species, but all with white or pale rose flowers,) Gendarussa vulgaris, (especially along choungs,) 

 Bottlera muricata ?, Alsophila coniamiitans and (in Toukyeghat) glabra, Angiopteris evecta, 

 Bohmeria malabarica andplafyphylla, Chasalia icallichiana, Grumilea elongata, Morinda nmbellata, 

 Adenosacme, Petunga Roxbtirghii, Clerodeudron infortunatum and nutans, Claoxylon longifolium, 

 Unona desnios, Anaxagorea Zeylanica, Capparis membranifolia, Sterculia coccinea, Sideroxylon 

 nervosum. Wall ;^ Glycosmis pentaphylla, and arborea, Lcea sambucina, Lepisanthes montana, 

 Dissochaeta cyanocarpa, Trcvesia palmata, Maesa Indica and permollis, Ardisia crispa and another 

 sp., Biospyros chartacea, Connarus monocarpus, Pavetta Indica ?, Mussaenda, and others. 



The last and lowest stratum is the vegetation that covers the ground. Owing to a 

 certain degree of darkness that reigns in these forests all the year round, the number of 

 herbs, etc., is comparatively small. In the denser parts of these forests the ground is covered 

 only with decaying leaves, rotting trunks of trees, etc., and vegetation is excluded here 

 to a great extent, but where the forests become more open, as is especially the case along 

 choungs, the vegetation becomes rich, and we see often an abundance of Strobilanthes flata, 

 neesii, fimh iatus, and especially S. rufesccns, Daedalacanthus Parishii, Phlogacanthus imignis 



