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and often pygmean trees, up to 30 (most of them, however, only up to 20) feet in height, with 

 very short stems and compact and usually spherical crowns from a glossy yellowish to a brown- 

 ish dark green colour, shewing numerous gnarled and crooked branches. They often grow 

 80 close togetlier that it is difficult to force one's way through them, and during heavy gales, 

 which often occur at these heiglits, this dense mass of a glossy varied foliage is curiously 

 moved by the wind resembling from an elevated position the waves of a disturbed sea. 

 Owing to the very limited area in Martaban which rises to such an elevation, these forests 

 are necessarily of very small extent. On the summit of the Nattoung, one of the highest 

 peaks in the Karen hills, they are cut off very abruptly at the unfavourable situations 

 giving place to a scanty shrubby vegetation, which again soon passes into hill pastures, which 

 will be described in the sequel. The whole top of a hill (the name of which I have unfortu- 

 nately forgotten, but it is I think the same as Segako hill in Dr. Brandis' map of Martaban), 

 situated about 2 or 3 miles from Nattoung, and probably 2 or 300 feet higher than it, is 

 completely covered by them. 



The principal trees and shrubs, (for it is not easy to distinguish here between the two) 

 as observed by me are : Gaiiltheria punctata ?, Vaccinium bracteattim ? and 2 or 3 other species, 

 Andromeda ovalifolia, Mijrmie semiserrata, Anneslea monticola, Ternstroemia Japonica (stunted), 

 Eurya chinensis and E. wallichiana, Schima Noronhce ? (stunted,) Pyrenaria diospi/ricarpa, 

 Erythroxylon Kunthianum, Pirus Karensium, Bucklandia populnea (stunted), Myrsine semiserrata 

 and avenis, Cornus ohlonga, Symplocos lucida and S. sulcata, Rhododendron formosum, Quercus 

 sp. not: ? Castanea, Myrica sajnda (stunted), Turpinia Nepalensis and a few others. 



Climbers and scandent shrubs still occur in these forests, but are stunted like 

 the trees. Those chiefly noted by me, are Millettia moiUicola, Brandisia discolor, 

 Embella floribunda, Jasminum attenuatum, Sinilax, Rubus rugosus and alpestris. The under- 

 growth is chiefly composed of a low Arundinaria, which grows often so dense as to fill up the 

 whole space between the trees and shrubs. Further, Ardisia crispa, Erodia gracilis, Hypericum 

 triflorum, Strohilanthes foetidissima, Osbeckia erinita and many others. An erect Sinilax, 

 Polystichum aculeatum and a few other ferns are locally very frequent. 



Epiphytic plants are here numerous, besides a great variety of Orchids amongst which 

 a beautiful Pleione is most common. Cyrtandraceae are also not uncommon, and there are 

 numerous ferns. 



The stems and branches are loaded with mosses and scalemosses, amongst which dense 

 patches of Hymenophyliaccae (chiefly M. exsertum and Javanicum) are interwoven. During 

 the hot season however these shrivel up to a certain degree, but recover with the first show- 

 er of rain. Here it is that shrubby lichens become more numerous and conspicuous, and a 

 Peltigera of a peculiar green colour is seldom missed amongst the patches of moss. 



Lower drier hill-forests. The lower drier forests are rather stunted forests of a mean 

 height varying according to exposure and to the degree of resulting dampness from 50 to 

 80 feet. The trees resemble in habit somewhat those which are seen in the Eng or low 

 forests of the plains. They occuy nearly all the exposed ridges from 4,000, or often from 

 3,000, feet and upwards. Jungle fires are here frequent, but not regular. While in the 

 stunted forests Ericiiiece formed the typical constituents, here Ternstroemiace(e and Cupuliferm 

 prevail. The following are the more frequent trees : Ternstroemia Japonica, Eurya Chinensis 

 and Japonica, Anneslea monticola, Saiirauja sp., Schima Noronhw and oblata, Pyrenaria camelli- 

 (eflora, Echinocarpus sp., Turpinia Nepalensis, Bucklandia populnea, Kelitris paniculaia, Sym- 

 plocos polycarpa, lucida and sulcata, Cornus oblonga, Diospyros kaki ? Andromeda ovalifolia 

 Callicarpa arhorea, Cinnamomum sp., several species of Tetranthera, Daphnidium caudatum ? 

 Aperula polyantha ? , Litswa foliosa and other Laurinece, Betula acuminata, Helicia excelsa 

 Quercus lencicarpa, brevicuspis, and others, Castanopsis inermis and 1 or 2 other species, 

 Pinus khasya passim, Cqft'ea tetrandra, Garcinia anoinala, Myrica sapida, Pithecolohium mon- 

 tanum ? , Alhizzia stipulata, Dillenia aurea, Wcndlandia ligustrina, Engelhardtia serrata, Rhus 

 semialata ? , Hepfapleurum glaucum and hypoleucum, Macropanax oreophilum ? , Olea dentata 

 Beilschmiedia sp. ? , Alstonia scholaris ? , Emblica officinalis, and others. 



Of palms only a stunted Chamaerhops (C. khasyana ?) occurs here but scantily. 



A climbing bamboo, with fruits as large as a woodapple, is frequent here, and another 

 berry-bearing but erect species is locally a prevailiug type. In the lower parts bamboos are 

 still more prevalent, and two gigantic species (wabo and kyellowa) are common at elevations 

 below 4,000 feet. 



The climbing vegetation here I have explored but little, but those climbers and scandent 

 shrubs which occurred to me most frequently were Mucuna 2'rurita ?and macrocarpa, the latter 

 with stems ne;irly as thick as the trees themselves upon which they rest, Rubus rugosus, 

 Milkltia ?, Embelia ribcs a,n(ii floribunda,Clematiss^., a species oiAmpelopsis {A. Himalayana ?), 

 3 to 4 species of Vitis, a ^neCalamus possibly new, Smilax lanceae/olia, Bauhinia sp., Dalbergia 

 celutina, Cnestis ignea and several others. 



Of shrubs and halfshrubs the following are the more conspicuous Llnostoma paucifloruin 

 Melanthcsopsis fruticosa, Mclastoma matabalhricum (the normal form with longer calyx- 



