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oalfts), Osbfckia eriniia and ptilchella, Rottlera sp., Pteroloma triquetrum with hairy pods, 

 Erodia gi-acilis, Inula cappa, Pohjgala karomnm, Polygonum chincnse, Leitpedeza sp. (near L. 

 eriocarpa), with beautifully blue flowers, Daphne pendula ? and involiicrata, Maoutia Put/a, 

 Indigo/crn unciitnata, Desmodium concinnum, multifionim ? and gyroides, Pueraria Wallichii 

 Flenmiingia scmialata, involucrata and seiicaiw, Artemisia vulgaris locally, Senccio densiflonts, 

 Vaccintum 2 to 3 sp., Brandisia discolor, Clerodeudron tillosum, Colqtihounia up., Crotalaria 

 /errugiiiea f and Chinensis, Dalbergia velutina, Psychotriacapitata,Grumilea clongata ? Ixora sp., 

 Mussaenda glabra, Phyllodiitm pulchelhwi, Caitwllia sp., TabernaemoiUana sp., Leea, and many 

 others. 



An arborescent fern with a short black fibrous stem (Breynia insignis) is not uncommon, 

 especially in more shady localities. Ptei-is aquilina, Gkicheuia dichofoma and longissima are 

 the more prevailing terrestrial ferns, along with Onyc/iium auralum, Blcchnum orientate, etc. 



The ground is covered by grasses and other plants in localities where the forest is more 

 open. The most common grasses are Ai-umliuella sp., Spcdiopogon sp., Heteropoyon sp., 

 Androicepia gigantea, Panicum montanum, plicatum, Royleanum, etc., Trisetum sp., and in lower 

 regions the so-called Teak-grass {PolHnia tectoiium of Braudis). Besides these Batra- 

 thenim sp. ?, a Phragmitoid grass, Imperata cylindrica, Thyssanoliena acarifera, are locally 

 not uncommon. Carex baccans, condemata and several other species, as also Sclerue are 

 nowhere to be missed. 



Associated with these grasses we find ITedyolu polycarpa ? and tdmifolia ? Poh/gonum 

 Chinense, Plcdranthus striatus, Smilax sp. erect., Sonerila maculata, Auaphalis adnata, Ophelia 

 pulchella f, Gentiana pedicellata and marginata ?, Knoxia lasiccarpa, Galium asperijolium, Stro- 

 bilanthes foclidissima, Brandisii, Kareiisium, etc., Anisomcles f, Prenanthes sp., Geniostoma strobi- 

 lifeium, Acrocephalus capitalus, Saussurea dtltoidea, Alcctra Indica, JJrosera peltata, Myriactis 

 Lepidagathis, Lobelia Wallichiana, Ainsliaca pteropoda, Vei'iioiiiri cinerea, Blumea ru/icin- 

 nata and alafa, Conyza viscosula and absintliif'olia, Dumaaia sp. near D.cnngesia, Shuferia restita, 

 Pogostemonparvijlorum and sirigosum, Elshollziapolystachya, Scutellaria discolor, Achyrospermuni 

 densiJlorum,Leucas ciliata.Smithia couferta, Cotmnelynaobliqua, Cyanotkfasciculata,Gnaphalium 

 ochroleucum, Senecio Chriffithiif, Hxacum pteraiifhum, Ophiorrhizophyllummacrobotryum, Didy- 

 mocarpus mollis, Bupleurum tenue, Selinum sp.f, Viola serpens, Alpiitia nutans, Peliosanthes, 

 Eiilophia, Phayus, Smilax sp. {nea,T 8. rigida), Dianella montana. Vastus speciosus, JJichrocep- 

 hala latifolia, Siegesbeckia orienialis, Viola serpens along choungs, etc, etc. 



The trees are inhabited by numerous mosses and scalemosses, as also by Lichens, which 

 latter appear here especially developed. A long Alecforia depends from nearly all the 

 crooked branchfes, and shrubby lichens, like Peltigera, Cladonia, etc., now make their appear- 

 ance from about 6,000 feet elevation and upwards. Numerous and beautiful orchids, large 

 and small, ornament the stems and branches. It is here, that we first meet with Cypri- 

 pedium (near C. villosum). Oberonia, Coelogyne, Crypfochilus, Eria, numerous Dendrobia, 

 Pleione, Vanda, Saccolabium, etc., etc. represented by numerous species. Amongst other 

 epiphytic plants deserve to be mentioned, a probably new species of Vaecinium, and Vacci- 

 nium rariegaium, auriculatum, and loranthifolium, Xyris wallichii, Cenlrostemma multijlorum, 

 Aeschynanthus sp., Lysionotus ternifolius, Hoyae, etc., and numerous ferns, such as Viitaria 

 elongata? and falcata, Hymenopliyllum exsertum and Jacanicum, Asplenium ensiforme, nonnale, 

 Polypodium lineare, normale, rhynchophyllum, and conjugalum, Lycopodium aloe/olium and 

 others. 



The granitic and schistose rocks are covered by lichens, mosses and Selaginellae, accom- 

 panied by little annual phanerogams, such as Sonerila, Xyrii icallichii and Didymocaipus 

 mollis, along with several grasses, and Aspleniuni heterocaipum, planiculme, and audrale, 

 etc. 



Parasites are also numerous and plentiful, amongst which Loranthus hypoleucus with its 

 burning red flowers and iri".s7o-taAe<e)-arfra with dark green foliage quickly attract attention. 

 A species of Vi-icum, very near to the European mistletoe, is often seen here. On the roots of 

 trees the curious Balanopliora globosa is conspicuous. 



As in European forests so also here the ground, where exposed, affords shelter to a 

 number of acrocarpous mosses, like Campylopus, Pogonatum, etc. Funaria hygronutrica (var. 

 Nepalensis), true to its habits everywhere in the world, selects recently burnt up localities, and 

 as jungle-iires are extensive, so is its distribution. Terrestrial lichens also appear here, such 

 as Baeomyecs, Cladonia, etc., but not so frequent as in the pine forests. 



b. Pine forests The Pine forests, called from a pine {Pinm Khasya), that forms the greatest 

 portion of it are rather local, and restricted to the unfavourable situations, viz. to the S. W. 

 and S. slopes. They are much subjected to jungle-tires, wliich are here destructive in the ex- 

 treme, often burning down the finest trees. Many a burnt down trunk of a pine may be met 

 with in the midst of the forests looking from a distance like a black pillar. 



The average height of these forests is 70 to 80 feet, sometimes more ; but along much 

 exposed slopes, very much less. These forests are very open and almost without climber- 

 vegetation. It is seldom that we find really pure pine forests ; they are more frequently 



