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mixed up with trees from the drier hill forests. As a rule the upper part of spurs and ridges 

 is covered by these , pine forests, but the ravines and deep narrow valleys between them are 

 occupied by drier hill forests. It is almost unnecessary to sura up the leafy trees which 

 associate with the pines, as they are the same which I have summed up under the head of 

 drier hill forests, but I shall note here a few of those which I met more frequently : Dnphni- 

 (Hum, Aperula, Hclicia, Albizzia stipulafa, Fifhocolobium monfanum ? Wendlandia ligustrina, 

 an arboreous Vaccinium, Andromeda ovalifolia, Myrsine, Dillcnia anrea,Anneslea. Eurya,Myrica, 

 Tristania Burmanica, Engelhardtia, Termtroemia Japonica, Turpinia NcpalenHis, etc. Gha- 

 maerops Khamjana is here still to be met and presents a curious sight along with pine trees. 



Of shrubs Linoatomu, paudflorum, Melastoma malabathricum, Maoutia Puya, Lespedeza, 

 Desmodinm, etc. occur sparingly. 



A scandent or semiseandent bamboo with berry-like fruits is here not uncommon. 



The ground is usually densely covered by the fallen needles of the pines, so much so, 

 that no vegetation can spring up except scantily. Burmans, who do not wear shoes, have 

 the greatest difficulty in getting over such localities, and even to a European it is very tire- 

 some to climb up such ridges, in consequence of the ground being rendered slippery by those 

 needles. The plants, which I met growing amongst the needles, were Senccio, Inula cappa, 

 Diaiiflla, Lespedeza, Panicum monfanum, Imperafa, Scleria, Androscepia, etc. Of ferns Glei- 

 ehenia dichotoma and longindma, and Fteris aquilina were nearly the only ones I saw. 



Those pine forests, which are mixed up with leafy trees, have the ground usually al- 

 though not to the same extent covered by similar grasses and shrubs, as in the dry hill- 

 forests. 



In spite of the greater dryness that prevails in these forests, such epiphytical plants 

 as orchids, asclepiads, etc. are still frequent, and some of them characteristic. Cryptogams 

 are also numerous, especially the lichens, which become here quite conspicuous. Baeomyces 

 roseus forms often large rounfled patches on ground destitute of vegetation. 



C. The damp hill-forests. 



The damp hill-forests, ranging from about 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, so much resem- 

 ble in external aspect the true tropical forests of the plains, that they can be distinguished 

 from them only by the occurrence of botanically different trees, and chiefly by the total, or 

 nearly total, absence of certain plant-families, such as Dipterocarpeae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, 

 Dilleniaceae, Sterculiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Lythrarieae, and Sapotaccae. The average height 

 of these forests stands little below that of the tropical forests, and jungle fires cannot possibly 

 enter them, so dense, and moist are they. The formation of humus is therefore undisturbed. 

 These forests occur only along favourable situations and in sheltered valleys, especially along 

 choungs. 



The great height of the lofty trees composing the damp hill forests, and also the very 

 short time I spent in them when passing by, renders it perfectly impossible for me to give 

 a correct idea of the nature of the trees that grow in these forests. 1 therefore can note 

 only a very few of them. Quercus (several species) and Cupuli/erom trees generally seemed 

 frequent, Ikx daph)iephy /hides, Ternstroemia Japonica, Bucklandia populnea, several fig-trees 

 Eugenia, Laurineae, Ostodes paniculata, P.odocarpus, Gynocardia oaorata, Diospyrus sp. and 

 numerous others. 



Of smaller trees Turpinia nepalensis, Cinnamomum, Litsaea, Eriohotrya notoniana, 

 Calophyllum polyanthum, Aceri solubum, Mcesa Indica, Rhododendron Veitchianum and some- 

 times Rh. arboreum., Spathodea ignea, Garcinia anomala, etc. 



A semiseandent bamboo, not unlike in foliage to Melocanna baccifera, is often met with 

 along choungs ; also an elegant fern-tree {Ahophila comosa) of 20 to 25 feet height, and 

 Pandanuafurcatus. Except a fine Calamus or two, I missed (strange to say) palms, and only 

 at lower elevations met such trees as Areca, Wallichia, Arenga saccharifera, Caryota urens and 

 lAcuala peltata. 



Of shrubs, climbers, etc. I observed during my run through these forests : Rubits 

 alpestris and Moluccanus, Jasminuni attennatum, Adenosacme several species of Smilax as 

 S. lancecefolia and elegans, Microtropis gracinifolia, Hoya fusca, a Vernonia, Ardisia crispa 

 and elliptica, large climbing Fict, Clematis acuminata, Solanum memhranaoeum, 8trobilanthes 

 lamioides, and many others. 



The ground is usually destitute of grass-clothing, but occasionally small patches of 

 Carex, Scleria elata ? and others species occur. The grass is locally replaced by Ophiopogon, 

 Peliosanthes tnacrophylla and Molineria capitulata, all of which are plants which form a pre- 

 vailing type of the low vegetation in these forests. 



Of herbs and perennials, which are often very numerous and luxuriant, especially along 

 choungs, the following may be mentioned : Polygonum sp , Ainsliaea Brandisii with white 

 flowers, Folygonatum punctatum, (often epiphytic), Elatostemma ficoides, umbrosum and an- 

 other small-leaved species in great profusion, two species of Sonerila, an Arisaema, and many 

 other Aroideae, Strobilanthea penstemonoides, Begonia barbata and laciniata, Ophiorrhiza eru- 

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