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b. Villaffc-regetation. The principal trees, rarely missed iu larger Burmese villages, 

 are mango-trees (thayet) ; tamarinds (magyee) ; Moringa ptcri/gospennt, (dandaloue) ; Carica 

 papaya (them-ban-thee) ; Citi-Us decumana (shouk-tuug) and the sweet and acid limes (Citrus 

 nobilis) such as shouk-lieng-mau, shouk-kyo, and than ba ya sliouk, Scsbania graiidijlora 

 (pouk-pan) and S. Acgyptiaca (yse-thoo-gyee) ; Paidium Guavu (mhanlaka), diverse species 

 of bamboo, varying according to the zone in which the village is situated, Mesua ferre.a (gan- 

 gau) ; Snndoricum Iiidicum (thit toh) ; Artocarpus integrifolia (peing-nay> ; Ficun cordifolia ; 

 Pithecolobium bigemitmm (Gway danyin) ; Conjpha umbraciiiifera (pae) ; Cocos nueifera (ung) ; 

 Barassua fubelliformis (htan). The following are also frequently cultivated : Phyl/anthim 

 (CiccaJ distichus, (thembou hzee phyu) ; Achran mpota (thwo-la-bat) ; Avevrhoa carambola 

 (soung-ya) ; Cassia florida, Anacurdium occitk-ntulc (thee-ho-thayet) ; Mimmop-t EU'iigi (Kha- 

 ya) ; Plumieria acuminata (ta-joke-sa-ga) ; Areca catechu (Koou-thee) ; Bixa Orellana (theed- 

 in) ; Aegle marmelos (oak-sheet) ; Crotoii ohlongifolium (thathyiu) ; Dillenia Indica (thabyoo) ; 

 Melia azadirachia (thimbou tamakha) ; Michelia chainpaca (sagga) ; Anoiia sgu mosa (orza) ; 

 Oc/irocarpus Sianiensis (tala phee) ; Buccaurea saj)ida (Karuasoo) ; Citrus Hi/strix (shouk 

 pouk) ; C. mcdica (shouk thakwa) ; Feronia ekpbantum locally (hman) ; Zizi/phus jujuba 

 (tsee) ; Euphoria Longana (Kyet mouk) ; Acacia Fnrnesiana (nanlung Kyeing) ; Lagerstroe- 

 mia flos rcginae (peema) ; Bouea oppositi/olia (niayan) ; Spondias pinn itii, {gway) ; Ptcro- 

 carjms Indicus (padouk) ; Bauhinia purpurea ; Thevetia ncrii/blii. Arlocarpus Lacoocha 

 (myouk-loke) ; Nephelium hypoleucum (Kyet-mouk) ; Eugenia Janibos, and aquea, Ca/o- 

 phyllum inophyllum, (phung-nyet). 



Such are the trees we meet principally in villages, in Pegu proper, but if we enter the 

 Prome zone, many of these disappear altogether, and some others replace them, such as 

 Parhinsonia aculeata, Punica granatum, Melia azcdarach, etc. 



All the trees named grow quite wild and without any order, except when they are planted 

 around the numerous Kj'ouks (monasteries) of poungyees. In this casesome sort of arrangemeut 

 can be detected. It is here, around such Kyouks, that gardening first commences, for hardly 

 is a village established, when trees are seen planted along with favourite shrubs and flowers 

 around these Kyouks. 



Several of the fruit trees are cultivated in greater numbers so as to form orchards, and 

 there can be seen occasionally orchards of Jack, Lime or Papaya trees. The plantains 

 should also be reckoned here, as they may be fairly said to be the most extensively cultivated 

 of all other fruits. Only 8 varieties of plantains have occurred to me, a small number 

 when compared with that of Java, where there are about 70 to 80 sorts. 



In the Prome district, where all vegetation is regulated by the presence of lime and 

 a hot and dry climate, we see extensive orchards of custard-apples (orza), which cover 

 a great part of the low hills around Prome itself. The Aegle marmelos (oaksheet) is also 

 found here in greater numbers than anywhere else. The htan (Borassus flabelliformis) is so 

 abundant, as to form the principal feature in the landscape. 



In the Martaban hills, E. of Tonghoo, plantations of Areca catechu, on which betle is 

 trailed, are very frequent along small feeders of choungs. The Karens understand very well 

 how to irrigate these plantations by draining the waters of these chounglets, so that they 

 form a whole network of shallow running rivulets, through which, with lowered temperature, 

 the evaporation is caused to increase so much, that at elevations far below 1000 feet a num- 

 ber of high level plants spring up like weeds. Such are Bidem jn/osa, Drymaria cordifolia, 

 Siegesbeckia orientalis, Polygonum Nepaleme ? , and some others. 



For hedges are especially used Pedihinthus tithymaloides, Opuntia Dillenii (Kala zoung 

 letwa), Croton Tiglium (Khan-na-kho) ; Jatropha Curcas (thembau-kyet-hsoo) ; Euphorbia 

 antiquorum (Kyessouug pya-that), E. tirucalli (sha-zoung-leng-uyo) and nerii/olia, Cereus, 

 bamboo, several species of Caesalpinia, etc. 



Besides many of the ornamental shrubs, already mentioned as occurring in these villages, 

 are others which are suffered to grow under the shade of the village trees, such as Croton 

 Tiglium, Biciims communis, Mani/iot utilissima, Jatropha curcas and sometimes glandulifera, 

 Copiaeum variegatum, Panax cochleatum, Poinseftia pulchemma, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, 

 Cereus grandis, 2 or 3 species of ai-boreous Euphorbiae, Glycosmis pentaphylla, Jasminum 

 sambac, Tabernaemontaua coronaria, etc. 



Then come the weeds and weedy looking plants on the ground which spring up every- 

 where, several of which are of the sort termed ammoniacal plants. Colocaaiae are seen 

 everywhere in abundance, cultivated as well as wild, Cleome icosandra, Gynaudropsis penta- 

 phylla, Portulaca olcracea, Tephrosia purpurea, Cvalis corniculata, Ocymum, Moschosma 2)olys- 

 tachya, Corchorus acutangulus, Cassia sophera and Absus, Scoparia dnlcis, Oplismenus Bur- 

 mnnni ? , Bryoj)lt^/llum piunatum, Ammannia baccifera, Cyamopsis pubescens, Spilanthes acmella 

 and paniculatus, Eclipta, Eafura, Solinum nigrum, Xanthium strumarium, Ageralum, Ureiia 

 lobata, Triumfetta angulata, Sida rhombifolia, Vernonia cinerea, Solanum torvum, Eleusine 

 Indica, Anhyranthes anpera, along with herbaceous twiners as Luffa cylindrica, Zehneria um- 

 bellata, Ipomoea, Basellu alba, etc. 



