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leucantha) ; theet pyoo (Xanthophyllum glaucum) ; jay kadat (Gratrnm hyqrophila), souw 

 pein f Combretum trifoUatum) ; bambliae {Ancidrocladm Griffithil) and pang nayoo (Roydnin 

 obtusifoUa). The ground is then always more or less marshy, shewing scanty or no herbage. 

 Yay dein is the only term in Burmese I can suggest for swamp-forests. 



If we travel between the hills and descend from the ridges to the bottom of the numer- 

 ous choungs, we frequently fall in with patches or whole tracts of evergreen forests, which 

 are especially conspicuous during the hot season, when they are still clothed with most lovely 

 verdure. In these forest we see such trees as thit-pouk (Tetrameles nudiflora) ; thit-kadoo 

 {Cedrela foona) ; toung peing nay (Arfocarpus chaplasha) ; teepiooh (Sterculia scaphi' 

 gera) ; Kat-thit-ka {Pentace Birmanica), thingadoe {Paranliorea stellata) ; thingan (Ilopea 

 odoratd) ; Thit-toh (Sandoricum Indicum) ; Yueh-woon {Hibiscus vulpinus) ; Mayaynay P 

 {Acrocarpiis combrefiflorus) Thingadoo (Anisoptera glabra) ; Kanyeen-nee {Dipte>vcarpi(s 

 laeiiis) ; Karloh {Hydnocarpus heterophyllus) ; myouk-oak-sheet {Siphonodoii celastrinm) ; 

 Tha-nat-kha (Murraya exotica) ; line-loon (Excoecaria baccata) along with numerous other 

 large and small frees, for which Burmans possess no name.* 



The undergrowth consists of shade-loving plants, such as numerous small and large 

 ferns, Gamoong-byang {Peliosnnthes), say-nah (Stobilanthes rufescens), etc. Canes, like 

 yamatha, and lemeh, and various palms, like tau-than, pyen-khan, toung-oung, tau-koonthee, 

 etc., are characteristic of that variety of evergreen tropical forests which are called close tropi- 

 cal forests, while herbs mostly of the sorts for which Burmans use the collective denominations 

 of Katsenay (Urena, Triumfetta, etc.) and Kadoo (Blumea and other herbaceous compositae), 

 indicate open forests. 



The characteristic kinds of bamboo, growing in tropical forests, are chiefly wa-noay and 

 wa-thabwot ; in some parts also Kyellowa and wa-pyoo-gyee. 



The leaf-shedding forests are much more difficult to distinguish accurately, as the 

 limits between the varieties of these forests are rather arbitrary. The three principal classes 

 of leaf-shedding forests, viz. the open, the mixed, and the dry forests, are recognised easily 

 enough. In order to overcome certain difficulties, which always accompany a treatment of 

 the various forests for men unacquainted with botany, we must make ourselves familiar with 

 certain trees so frequent, that almost every Burman (at least those living in the neighbour- 

 hood of forests now under consideration) is acquainted with them. To do this, we shall put 

 them into the following 3 categories : 



(1.) The Eng or Ein (Dipterocarpus ttcberculatus) ; Engyeen {Pcntacme Siamensis) ; 

 Phthya {Shorea leucofiotrya) ; toukkyan with hairy leaves {Terminalia alata) ; Engyea 

 (Aporosa macrophylld) ; Tay {Diospyroa Birmanica) ; byoo {Dillenia pulcherrima) ; moon- 

 deing {Lophopetalum Wallicliii) ; lambo [Buchanania lati/olia) ; tsee tsee {Mclamrrhoea mi- 

 tata) and joe ( Wahura villosa). 



The bamboos which require notice are teiwa {Bambusa tulda) and myinwa {Bambusa 

 stricta). 



(2.) Toukkyan, with smooth leaves (Terminalia crenata) ; myouk-shaw (Homalium 

 tomentosum) ; gyo (Schleichera trijuga) ; pyenma (Lagerstroemia flosreginae) ; lepan and didoo 

 IBombax malabari^tim and B. insigne) ; nagyee {Pterospermum eemisagittatum) ; ehinjouk 

 (Gariiga pinnatd) ; Kway {Spondias pinnata) ; titsein (Terminalia Belerica) ; lein (Terminalia 

 pyrifolia) ; Kinbalin (Antidesma diandrum) ; bingah (Nauclea Brunonis) ; thitmagyee and theet 

 (Albizzia odoratissima, and A. proeera) ; madama (Dalbergia ovata and glauca) ; thymbyoon 

 (Dillenia pentagyna) ; boaygyeen (Baithinia malabarica) ; maoo (Nauclea) ; touksha ( Vitex 

 leucoxylon). 



Of bamboos are notable, tin wa (Sc^/os<ac%M?/2j9ergfrac}7e) Kyattounwa (Bambusa poly- 

 morpha) ; wapyoo gelay (Bambusa albo-ciliata) . 



Another subordinate group of trees (forming savannah forests) comprises baup (Butea 

 frondosa) ; teiu the (Nauclea) and kyee nee (Barringtonia acutangula). The only bamboo' we 

 have here is the yakatwa (Bambusa spinosa). 



(3.) Sha (Acacia catechu) ; ta-boo (Ilarrisonia Bcnnetii) ; Khamaka (Melia Azedarach) ; 

 nebbhoo (Combretum apetalum) ; palan (Bauhinia racemosa) ; dhanoung (Acacia Icucophloca) ; 

 Koung-khwa (Capparis grandis). The only bamboo along with these trees is myinwa 

 (Bambusa stricta). Two remarkable characteristic climbers are palan nway (Bauldiiia diphylla) 

 and tsheen-telay-nway (Hymenopyramis brachiatd). 



It is understood that the trees named above are only examples, but they are more 

 important than the others that occur along with them. Teak and pyen-kadoo, therefore, 

 are of very little value in the determination of various kinds of forests, for the simple reason 

 that they occur in all sorts of leaf-shedding forests.f These trees should therefore first of all 



So great is the number of trees here, for which Burmans have no name, that out of 5, certainly 4 are 

 ma-thee-lxK) (I don't know). Burmans have also no separate denomination for this sort of forests, and should, 

 a name be given to them, no better could be proposed than ma-thee-boo dein. 



t In fact they are really missed only iu the Uttoral and swamp forests. 



