90 Principles and Practice of Pruning. 



" The dotted lines indicate where the branches should be cut back 

 at the time of planting. 



" In cutting a tree, with branches formed as above described, let 

 the leader be cut down within four to six inches of the place where 



Fig. 1 1 8. 



Fig. 119. 



the one-year-old tree was cut off, and just above a good bud on the 

 side of the tree, over the previous year's cut, thus keeping the 

 leader in a perpendicular position over the original trunk or bottom 

 of the tree. 



"If the side branches are too horizontal, upper buds are left for 

 their extension ; if too upright, lower buds are left. Side direction 

 may be given, if desirable, to fill wide spaces, in the same way. 

 Cut the other branches at such a distance from the trunk, that the 

 ends of all of them would form a pyramid, the base of which should 

 not be over twelve to sixteen inches in diameter, and in smallish 

 trees much less ; thus the lowest branches will be left the longest ; 

 the object of which is to check the natural flow of sap to the upper 

 branches, and induce it to flow more forcibly to the lower ones, 

 increasing the vigor and force of the latter as much as possible, 

 which must be done at that time, or never. 



" Fig. 119 represents a two-year-old tree after it has been pruned 

 at two years old, and made the third year's growth, and showing 

 where it should be cut back at that time. All subsequent pruning 



