1 82 Apples. 



slender ; they are to be kept straight, by tying them when necessary 

 to upright stakes ; and all destructive insects must be watched and 

 destroyed. 



If the ground is rich and kept perfectly clean, they will grow from 

 one and a half to two feet the first summer after grafting ; to three 

 or four feet the second summer ; five to six or seven feet the third 

 summer, when many of them will be large enough for removal to 

 the orchard, and most of the remainder in one year more. 



Root-grafting is extensively performed in large nurseries ; but on 

 unsuitable soils, budding is found the most certain of success, the 

 buds being rarely destroyed, and only by the most unfavorable 

 winters. The bud remaining dormant the first summer, the growth 

 is one year later than on grafted stocks of the same age ; but this 

 difference is made up by the more rapid growth of the shoot from 

 the bud, which is usually twice as great as that of a graft on the 

 root. To obtain handsome and good trees, the bud should be set 

 within two or three inches of the ground. Budded trees usually 

 have better roots than root-grafted ones. 



PLANTING ORCHARDS. 



Soil. The apple is a vigorous and hardy tree, and will grow upon 

 most soils. It does best, however, on those that are deep, rich, and 

 fertile, such as will give good crops of Indian corn. Hard, shallow, 

 and wet grounds are to be avoided. Improvement by manuring 

 and deep cultivation is desirable, as a great difference in quality and 

 productiveness results from a difference in fertility. 



Distance. Where the quantity of ground is limited and in rare 

 cases, trees may for a time stand within fifteen or twenty feet ; but 

 for large and permanent orchards they should not be nearer than 

 thirty feet. There is, however, a material difference in the size of 

 varieties, hence a variation may be allowed. But this variation in 

 distance should not break the rows which are to be preserved for 



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convenience in cultivation. The rows may be kept entire, by vary- 

 ing the distance in one way only, as in the annexed figure. The 



