SECOND SUCCESSFUL ASCENT, 1870 



under which small streams of water issue, falling in 

 silvery cascades on to the green bottom below. 



A ridge of high jagged peaks connects this spur with 

 the main range of the Cascade Mts. in the east, and 

 forms the water-shed between the White and Cowlitz 

 rivers. From the connecting saddle one can look 

 northward across the brink of six glaciers, which all 

 contribute to the White River ; of these the first four 

 come from the triangular spur already mentioned and 

 are of comparatively little extent. The first two are, 

 however, interesting from the vein structure which 

 they exhibit ; they both originate in an irregularly ob- 

 long basin, having the shape somewhat of an inclined 

 ellipse, turning on its longer diameter, the outlets of 

 the glacier being opposite the foci. Seen from a high 

 point the veins form concentric lines generally parallel 

 to the sides of the basin ; the ends of those towards 

 the center gradually bend round, until they join 

 together in the form of a figure 8, and finally just above 

 the outlets form two small ellipses. They thus con- 

 stantly preserve a direction at right angles to that of 

 the pressure exerted, downward by the movement of 

 the ice mass, and upward by the resistance to this 

 movement of the rock mass between the two outlets. 



The main White River glacier, the grandest of the 

 whole, 1 pours straight down from the rim of the crater 

 in a northeasterly direction, and pushes its extremity 

 farther out into the valley than any of the others. Its 

 greatest width on the steep slope of the mountain must 

 be four or five miles, narrowing towards its extremity 

 to about a mile and a half; its length can be scarcely 

 less than ten miles. The great eroding power of glacial 

 ice is strikingly illustrated in this glacier, which seems 

 to have cut down and carried away on the northeastern 

 side of the mountain, fully a third of its mass. The 

 thickness of rock cut away as shown by the walls on 

 either side, and the isolated peak at the head of the 



1 It is a pleasure to note that this fine glacier now bears the name of Emmons. 



