LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORT. 



at Liverpool, they are transferred upon the railway, "by which they 

 are transported to Manchester, Stockport, Preston, or some other 

 seat of manufacture. The raw material is there taken by the 

 manufacturer, spun into thread, woven into cloth, bleached and 

 printed, glazed, and finished. It is. then repacked, and again 

 placed on the railway and transported once more to Liverpool, 

 when it is re-embarked for Charleston or Savannah, for example. 

 Arriving there, it is again placed on a railway or in a steam-boat, 

 and is transported to the interior of the country, and finally returns 

 to the very place at which it originally grew, and is repurchased by 

 its own producer. Without going into arithmetical details, it will be 

 abundantly apparent how large a proportion of the price thus paid 

 for the manufactured article is to be placed to the account of the 

 transport and commercial expenses. The article has made the 

 circuit of almost half the globe before it has found its way back in 

 its manufactured state. 



7. The products of agricultural labour have, in general, great 

 bulk with proportionately small value. The cost of transport has 

 consequently a great influence upon the price of these in the market 

 of consumption. Unless, therefore, this transport can be effected 

 with considerable economy, these products must be consumed on 

 the spot where they are produced. 



In the case of many animal and vegetable productions of 

 agriculture, speed of transport is as essential as cheapness, for 

 they will deteriorate and be destroyed by the operation of time 

 alone. "Without great perfection, therefore, in the art of trans- 

 port, objects of this class must necessarily be consumed in the 

 immediate neighbourhood of the place where they are raised. 

 Such are, for example, the products of the dairy, the farm-yard, 

 and the garden. 



8. In countries where transport is dear and slow, there conse- 

 quently arises great disadvantage, not only to the rural, but also 

 to the urban population. While the class of articles just referred 

 to are at a ruinously low price in the rural districts, they are at a 

 ruinously high price in the cities and larger class of towns. In the 

 country, where they exist in superfluity, they fetch comparatively 

 nothing : in the towns, where the supply is immeasurably below 

 the demand, they can only be enjoyed by the affluent. 



But if sufficiently cheap and rapid means of transport be pro- 

 vided, these productions find their way easily to the great centres 

 of population in the towns, and the rural population which produces 

 them receives in exchange innumerable articles of use and luxury 

 of which they were before deprived. 



9. France, one of the most civilised states of Europe, exhibits a 

 deplorable illustration of this. Notwithstanding the fertility of 



