LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORT. 



ments in Paris transported each day from the capital into the 

 departments, two hundred and twenty passengers, and twenty-one 

 tons of merchandise. Before the establishment of railways, they 

 transported nearly one thousand passengers and forty-five tons of 

 merchandise. Thus the passengers were augmented in a fourfold, 

 and the merchandise in a twofold proportion. 



12. In 1815, the length of roads in operation in France was as 

 follows : there were three thousand leagues of royal roads, and two 

 thousand leagues of departmental roads. In 1829, there were 

 four thousand two hundred and five leagues of royal roads, and 

 three thousand leagues of departmental roads. In 1844, there 

 were eight thousand six hundred and twenty-eight leagues of 

 royal roads, and nine thousand one hundred and forty-six leagues 

 of departmental roads, independently of twelve thousand leagues 

 of vicinal roads. Thus, it appears that between 1815 and 1844, 

 the total length of roads of the first and second classes was aug- 

 mented from five thousand leagues to nearly eighteen thousand, or 

 in the proportion of three and a half to one. 



13. Although the practice of road-making in England attained a 

 certain degree of perfection at a much earlier period than in other 

 parts- of Europe, and the United Kingdom was overspread with a 

 noble network of internal communications, while continental 

 Europe remained in a comparatively barbarous condition, the art 

 of transport nevertheless, even in England, remained for a long 

 series of ages incalculably behind what would seem to be the com- 

 mercial wants of the population. 



The first English roads of artificial construction were those 

 made by the Romans, while England was a province of that 

 empire. The island was then intersected by two grand trunk 

 roads running at right angles to each other, the one from north to 

 south, and the other from east to west. 



These main lines were supplied with various branches, extending 

 in every direction which the conquerors found it expedient to 

 render accessible to their armies. 



14. The Roman road called Waiting Street commenced from 

 Richborough, in Kent, the ancient Rutupial, and, passing 

 through London, was carried in a north-westerly direction to 

 Chester. The road called Ermine Street commenced from 

 London, and, passing through Lincoln, was carried thence through 

 Carlisle into Scotland. The road called the Fosse-way passed 

 through Bath in a direction N.E., and terminated in the Ermine 

 Street. The road called Ikenald extended from Norwich in a 

 southern direction to Dorsetshire. 



But these great works, at the date of their construction, ex- 

 ceeded the wants of the population, who, unconscious of their 

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