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excited by the feeling of pleasure or pain. If, for instance, a dog 

 becomes hurt, he will instantaneously express a howling tone, simi- 

 lar to man when hurt, exclaiming involuntarily in a plain but 

 distinctive note : "Ow !" as w^ll as in a case of sudden, pleasant 

 surprise, "Oh!" 



These are involuntarily expressed simple forms of sounds, 

 yet indicating expressively the affected basis of the emotional prin- 

 ciple. The sound of pain, a short but distinctive tone, is a cry, 

 demonstrating an alarm the individuality is in danger. On the 

 other hand, sounds indicating the feeling of pleasure are not as 

 intensely expressed and developed in the animal kingdom as in the 

 human race. 



The feeling of pleasure, respectively, the pleasant feeling, in- 

 dicating the emotional motive, the desire to maintain individuality, 

 implies the feelings of right and justice; that means, that to obtain 

 and maintain individuality or a pleasant existence is a matter of 

 course which is coming to the individual. Naturally, the indi- 

 vidual does not find anything extraordinary in the pleasant feel- 

 ing and considers the pleasant existence as a normal condition. 

 This is a rule of all organic beings. Hence, on the other hand, 

 if the personal existence is menaced by certain influences, which 

 caused pain feeling, the individual will feel prejudiced of that, 

 of which it thinks it belongs to him by right that is, the liberty 

 to individualize consequently this manifestation will cause its 

 excitement. The individual becomes instinctively moved to ex- 

 claim its feelings or motive to the outer world by using the sound- 

 producing apparatus to express a certain sound, signifying the 

 prevailing effect or motive. This demonstration is an involuntary 

 address, whether directed to the world of organization or to the 

 inflicting influence; thus the exclaimed sound, directed to the 

 organization (species) indicates appeal and pity; thus the ex- 

 claimed tone directed to the inflicting influence (enemy) indicates 

 anger and revenge. 



Now, in correlation with organic evolution, the emotional 

 effects have been verified equally in form and intensity, including 

 the essential forms of intellect. In coincidence with the various 

 forms of emotional effects the modes of demonstrative expression 

 have also been verified. Each particular effect has its own modus 

 of -expression all differ distinctly from each other. Poses and 



