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The most prominent musicians in this class of organic beings 

 are the crickets, grasshoppers and locusts. Some of these insects 

 have such powerful organs that their sounds and tones can be 

 heard for quite a distance. According to Darwin (who notes from 

 Landois), the stridulating apparatus of the field cricket (grillus 

 campestris) consists of from 131 to 138 sharp, transverse teeth 

 on the under side of one of the nervures of the wing cover ; this 

 toothed nervure is rapidly scraped across a projecting smooth, 

 hard nervure on the upper surface of the opposite wing. First 

 one wing is rubbed over the other and then the movement is 

 reversed. Both wings are raised a little at the time to increase the 

 resonance. 



Similar to this are the stridulating manifestations of grass- 

 hoppers and locusts. One of the locustidsee, known all over as 

 katydid, when placing herself upon the branches of trees stridu- 

 lates in a very powerful manner. Some of these stridulating 

 apparatus resemble a musical organ, which produces sounds, 

 scaled in different tones and notes, elevating from a subdued tone 

 up to the highest note. 



Darwin relates from Mr. Bates, who says: "The male field 

 cricket (achetidae) has been observed to place himself in the even- 

 ing at the entrance of his burrow, and stridulate until a female 

 approaches, when louder notes are succeeded by a more subdued 

 tone, while the successful musician caresses with his antemae the 

 mate he has won." 



The most peculiar music of these insects, performed during 

 the breeding season, is manifested by two Italian species of grass- 

 hoppers, the cicada plebeja and the cicada orni. The sounds and 

 notes, which are confined to the male alone, are produced by a 

 very singular organ, which, it is said, consists of several winding 

 cells under the abdomen,, separated by different membranes and 

 an opening externally by two narrow valves. In the center of 

 these cells is contained a scaly, sonorous triangle, and exterior 

 to this are two vigorous muscles, by the action of which the cells 

 are supplied with air through one of the valves, and so powerfully 

 do they reverberate against the triangle that they produce the 

 notes of which the grasshoppers' song consists. 



This illustrates plainly that their manifestations are demon- 

 strations of emotional effects, induced by the implied determining 



