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desire, as an object, which perfects its ideal existence of indi- 

 viduality. 



This is the logical conclusion and causal principle that the 

 male individual, after being allied, considers the female as an 

 object belonging to his individuality (by imaginary rights), and 

 so it is conversely with the female individual. Naturally, they 

 complete thereby mutual individuality. Moreover, thus two con- 

 jugated individuals consider logically also the product of their 

 alliance, the offspring, as an object belonging to their individual 

 existence, viz., to complete their individuality. The individualistic 

 conception is prevailing throughout the higher organic world 

 and is frequently demonstrated among vertebrata, living in large 

 groups and colonies,, in order to associate for the benefit of 

 mutual welfare. All thus sexually conjugated individuals con- 

 sider each other inducted by this impulsive empirical individualis- 

 tic feeling as personal property by right; and this feeling or indi- 

 vidualistic conception is also becoming logically the postulate of 

 reverence, which they reveal to their mutual personality the 

 male to the female, and conversely, that is, more or less in rela- 

 tion to their rank in organic order. 



The leading part of exemplary conduct in the relation of 

 conjugal affairs in the animal kingdom is taken up by the birds. 

 Most of them live in a monogamic state of lifetime and only 

 a few species prefer the polygamic state. It has been observed 

 that a couple, once united, will stay faithfully together till death 

 separates them. But there are also exceptions, where one or the 

 other mate might give itself away to excedingly impulsive pas- 

 sions and violate the ideal chains of their conjugal relation. But 

 then, as a general consequence, the rival and the violator will 

 have to bear often very serious consequences, which in some 

 cases will result in the penalty of death. 



The mutual affections of mated pigeons are well known to 

 every one. Their billing and caressing manifests truly that these 

 are transactions to demonstrate and express prevailing effects and 

 motives, and are also well adapted for the purpose of intercommu- 

 nication and mutual understanding. Moreover, it has often been 

 observed that male birds, while their females are tending to their 

 breeding duties, endeavor to amuse and entertain them by some 



