sounds. Hence, though every organic being possesses these psy- 

 chological principles, it must have, according to its relation to the 

 species, its own certain form of demonstrative expression in order 

 to cornmunicate with its fellow-being, as man does through his 

 rational language. 



It is furthermore a prevailing opinion among the public, that 

 a perfect understanding can only be acquired on the basis of a 

 systematical language as man's ; and though the animal kingdom 

 is not endowed with those organic faculties to that extent as man, 

 in order to construct a rational language, it is concluded that the 

 primitive forms of demonstration of the animal would not 

 deliberate a result of a perfect understanding. These forms 

 were only an imperfect medium for intercommunication; es- 

 pecially the primitive individuals being in the first stages of 

 organic life, as, for instance, protozoa, vermes, molusca and simi- 

 lar organic beings. And though among those lower individuals 

 exists an harmonious understanding, which is demonstrated by 

 the results of their mutual welfare, there is sufficient proof that 

 these classes of organic life do possess very perfect means for the 

 purpose of personal intercourse, although these individuals are 

 anatomically not adapted to modify any form of demonstration, to 

 communicate with each other. Now, though here the forms of 

 communication dependent on the physiological basis are excluded, 

 these classes of organic beings are naturally impelled to modify 

 forms of communication dependent on the psychological ground. 



Hence, concluding from this, I shall have to state that the 

 manifestation of animal intercommunication and understanding 

 essentially depends on the ground of psychological intercourse; 

 that is, transmission of feelings and motives or thought transfer- 

 ence; and that the forms of communication, dependent on the 

 physiological ground, are coming merely in the secondary place, 

 such as gestures and sound-producing. 



It will be the main object of this work to demonstrate this. 

 Moreover, though the whole manifestation of animal intercourse 

 has in its modus not the least resemblance with the systematical 

 human language, it would be improper to title the subject, "ani- 

 mal language." But though nevertheless these manifestations in 

 the animal world objectively effect a rational understanding, the 

 only available term to be adopted could therefore be animal under- 



