52 



turbances do also influence the animals and induce them to emo- 

 tional exclamations. 



If it is apparent that these so modified demonstrative expres- 

 sions are not uttered unless there be a reason; moreover, that 

 these so affected animals express their feelings of that prvailing 

 pathetical condition to their surroundings, and of which they 

 perhaps instinctively conclude to be in a corresponding condition ; 

 now, it may here be replied that in a case where such manifesta- 

 tions take place, where no other individuals are present to which 

 such a demonstrating animal could address its expression, the 

 motivity of demonstration would become questionable. But we 

 must bear always in mind that an animal, according to the funda- 

 mental principle, to develop a sound-producing organ in order to 

 reach related individuals by distance, even if not sighted, is 

 logically inducted by the empirical idea to suspect a corresponding 

 individual in the vicinity, and demonstrate its feelings and motives 

 to that supposed fellow-being; but such cases can only be related 

 to such condition where a bird, for instance, is doomed for con- 

 finement. But outside of this they are never really to that extent 

 isolated to meet a correspondent upon their calls and signals. 



The motive of the bird's singing is based upon this very 

 same principle ; although it often seems that such a demonstrative 

 bird is in a solitary state, this is merely an erroneous conception 

 and illusion. When the lark warbles her songs way up in the 

 high sky and her emotional affection culminates in ecstasy, she 

 empirically is inducted by the idea (instinctively) that her song 

 has reached the suspected correspondent, whether it is a song of 

 challenge, of rivalry, or perhaps a song of charm addressed to a 

 female, viz., sexual mate. All other animals have no interest for 

 her. And so it is with other singing birds all deal with their 

 own species. 



Mr. Charles Waterton relates of those cruel fashions in Bel- 

 gium and Holland, where the people used to blind chaffinches in 

 order to increase the power and the effects of their songs. Now, 

 in spite of their cruel treatment, the still joyous singing of these 

 so ill-treated beings, putting forth their wild notes and sweet 

 melodies, demonstrates that even thus so formed isolation did not 

 interrupt them in demonstrating their emotional effects and feel- 

 ings to some suspected corresponding fellow-beings, rivals or 



