55 



except an old male remained there and began to howl and to cry, 

 and bursting out in the most intensive pathetical exclamation, so 

 that the hunter felt pity for him and returned to him the dead 

 corpse of the victim. The old male seized it at once and hurried 

 away back to the visiting crowd, and they all disappeared after 

 this in the midst of the woods. 



Moreover, according to their delicate and refined situation 

 which they take up in the organic world, and also their com- 

 munal relation, which has impelled them to develop available forms 

 of expression to communicate with each other in order to effect 

 a mutual understanding, they have, at the same time, in correlation 

 with the refinement of their feelings and ideas, also instinctively 

 been tending to develop certain forms and modes by which they 

 are able to demonstrate and express to each other reverence and 

 further acts of courtesy and politeness. This has been frequently 

 noticed in monkeys when it concerns family affairs. Kissing 

 seems to be in monkey families also an important manifestation 

 of courtesy. A well-known naturalist relates of a baboon mother, 

 who gave birth to a young one: Her male fiance came over to 

 visit her ; other males came, too ; finally every male baboon kissed 

 the baboon mother ; then the rest of all the males confronted her, 

 moving their lips, which did look like a polite conversation. 



Very peculiar are their modes of salutes. According to 

 Fisher, the most important form of salutes to demonstrate rev- 

 erence is that the visitor exhibits his hind part to the party he is 

 visiting; this party, in order to repay the same and complete this 

 act of reverence, has to scratch the exposed hind part of the 

 visitor ; neglecting this act would be considered as a grave insult. 



CHAPTER X. 



MISCELLANEOUS FORMS AND CONCLUSION. 



In resuming the functions of expression, as illustrated in 

 preceding chapters, which are solely adapted for the service of 

 intercommunication and understanding, I shall, in this chapter, 

 refer to some other forms of similar manifestations and, there- 

 fore, very much related to the subject. 



Through all chapters I have been tending to demonstrate 



