82 PRACTICAL ANATOMY. 



length of the face from the naso-frontal articulation, or 

 transverse suture, differs also in different races. In the 

 Esquimaux it is about 5|- inches; in the South African 

 negroes, 4| inches. Illustrations can be very largely 

 multiplied, but the reader is referred to special treatises 

 on the subject. The skull also presents certain "angles;" 

 thus, if two planes are drawn vertically at the sides of the 

 skull, they approach or recede from one another at their 

 upper extremities. In order to facilitate the taking of 

 such angles, the parietal goniometer (Quatrefage's) should 

 be used. 



The facial is probably the most important angle in 

 the discrimination of skulls. Of these there are a multi- 

 tude ; that of Camper, having been the first suggested, 

 is frequently alluded to. It consists of a line drawn 

 from the glabella to the edge of the middle incisor 

 tooth ; this line is intersected by one drawn from the 

 middle of the external auditory meatus to the anterior 

 and inferior borders of the floor of the nose. An angle 

 is here formed which varies from 70 to 80 degrees, and 

 which diminishes as we pass from the higher to the 

 lower races. The angle of Cloquet, when the alveolus 

 is preserved, has some advantages ; it consists of a line 

 drawn from the glabella to the neck of the central 

 incisor, and this is crossed by a line drawn through the 

 external auditory meatus to the same point. Jacquart's 

 angle, when the alveolus is absent, is probably the best ; 

 it consists of a line drawn through the external auditory 

 meatus to the anterior nasal spine, and a vertical line 

 drawn from the glabella to the base of the anterior nasal 

 spine. If skulls are examined comparatively, by means 

 of the facial 'fcngle, it must be remembered that the same 

 angle should in all cases be employed, and the angle 

 used should be noted, otherwise the measurements would 



