144 PRACTICAL ANATOMY. 



superior, inferior, internal, and external. The superior 

 is divided into an anterior articular and a posterior free 

 surface. The articular portion is divided by a groove 

 which is opposite to the groove on the inferior surface of 

 the astragalus, and serves for the attachment of inter- 

 osseous ligaments. The posterior portion of the upper 

 surface is rough, convex from side to side, slightly concave 

 from before backward; it projects behind the astragalus 

 for an inch and a half, and is practically the lever to the 

 posterior surface of which is attached the tendo Achillis. 

 The inferior surface is rough, convex, and somewhat 

 irregular. It presents posteriorly the inner and outer 

 tuberosities ; the inner, much the larger, rests directly on 

 the ground. Anterior to the tuberosities the bone is un- 

 even and affords attachment to muscles and ligaments. 

 The internal surface is concave for the passage of the 

 flexor tendons and plantar vessels and nerves to the foot. 

 The external surface is irregular; it presents a tubercle 

 for attachment of the middle fasciculus of the external 

 lateral ligament; also, the grooves for the peroneus 

 brevis (above) and peroneus longus (below). The an- 

 terior surface articulates with the cuboid; it is a square 

 facet, placed at right angles with the axis of the bone ; 

 at its outer edge is a tubercle, which is located immedi- 

 ately behind the articulation and forms a surgical land- 

 mark. The posterior surface gives attachment to the 

 tendo Achillis; it is smooth above, but convex and blunt. 



THE SCAPHOID. 



The scaphoid articulates posteriorly with the astraga- 

 lus, anteriorly with the three cuneiform, externally with 

 the cuboid. Its upper surface is convex from side to 

 side, and rough ; inferiorly it is rough also for the attach- 

 ment of ligaments. From its inner side projects a 



