218 OAKS 



be formed are stipules, and these persistent stipules are 

 the outermost bud-scales. The uppermost complete leaves 

 are crowded, and each forms a bud in its axil, so that the 

 buds are aggregated at the ends of the shoots. 



Each bud begins with two scales fused stipules devoid 

 of leaves followed by numerous stipular scales, which 

 are broader, of parchment-like texture and ciliate, be- 

 coming more delicate and narrower as we proceed. About 

 8 12 pairs of these have to be removed before we come 

 to the leaves, each of which lies between two stipules. 



The first leaf-rudiments are minute and lie flat, but 

 the more normal inner ones are conduplicate, and so 

 folded that the edges follow the spiral. In the core of 

 the bud they become smaller again (Fig. 30). 



The completed bud is ovoid- conoid and slightly 

 5-angled, the angles being due to the thickened middle 

 of the scales, i.e. what would correspond to the midribs 

 if they were leaves : the leaves lie in the flattened parts 

 between the angles. 



The two outermost scales lie right and left, then 

 follow two on the anterior next the subtending leaf, the 

 margin of the first covering that of the second. This 

 second scale (stipule) overlaps the next, and so on in the 

 spiral, until we reach the leaves, when the spiral becomes 

 more pronounced. 



In the variety sessiliflora the bud-scales are ciliate, 

 giving the buds, which may be more slender, a dull matt 

 appearance ; while in the variety pubescens the young 

 shoots are pubescent and greyish, somewhat resembling 

 Q. Cerris. 



Other Oaks to be noted are Q. rubra and Q. coccinea. 

 In Q. coccinea the bud-scales are glabrous but ciliate, and 

 the leaf-scar like that of Q. Cerris ; in Q. rubra the scales 

 are slightly pubescent, and the leaf-scar has groups of 



