926 



AMERICAN FORESTRY 



ing to Oberforster Krutina: The experimental plot was 

 established in 188T by planting three-year-old Douglas 

 fir and two-year-old Norway spruce at a distance of four 



WHITE PINE DURING THINNING. MUNICIPAL FOREST, FRANKFORT. GERMANY 



First heavy thinning in this 58-year-old stand. About 25 per cent of the volume of the 

 stand was removed. Light thinnings were made at an earlier date. 



In addition to the white pine, numerous other Ameri- 

 can species of pine have been introduced into Germany, 

 and can be seen in gardens, groves, and plantations. The 

 species that is receiving the greatest con- 

 sideration at the present time is the Jack 

 pine, due to its ability to grow on very 

 dry and sterile soil. It began to be in- 

 troduced on a large scale after 1890, in 

 which year Professor Mayr brought it to 

 light. In the vicinity of Eberstadt in 

 the state of Hesse are large parallel plan- 

 tations of Jack pine and Scotch pine. 

 The former grows more rapidly and 

 straighter, and seems less sensitive to 

 snow break. More than a half million 

 trees of this species have already been 

 planted in the state of Bavaria. A single 

 firm distributed more than six million 

 plants throughout Germany in 1906. 

 Just as Jack pine is on the rise, so pitch 

 pine is on the wane. Most of the stands 

 of the latter species were established 

 with the belief that it yielded the pitch 

 of commerce. About twenty-five years 

 ago the mistake became fully known and 

 since then it has been receiving little 

 consideration. It is said to suilfer con- 

 siderably from cold, late and early frosts, 

 snow, and wind. Many of the existing 

 stands are being removed rapidly to 



feet. The planting cost $4.56 per acre. 

 In 1903 the stand consisted of 34 cords 

 of Douglas fir and 7 cords of spruce. In 

 1908 this same stand consisted of 43 

 cords of Douglas fir and 6}i cords of 

 spruce. The average annual increment 

 for the five years from 1903-1908 was 

 2.38 cords. The height of the Douglas 

 fir and spruce in 1908 was 45 and 3'3 

 feet, respectively. 



The Sitka spruce is the only exotic 

 species of spruce receiving forestal con- 

 sideration in Germany at present. It 

 was introduced into Europe as late as 

 1831, or about one hundred and twenty- 

 five years after the white and the black 

 spruce. Along the Rhine, in lawland 

 and even in extremely wet areas, it 

 seems to thrive. Upon fresh loam soil 

 it has made a height growth of 9 feet in 

 five years, and 11.5 feet in eleven years. 

 It thrives upon areas where the native 

 European species simply exists, and sur- 

 passes the latter in both height and 

 volume growth. It suffers moie from 

 frost than the native European species, and is more sub- 

 ject to damage by browsing animals than the Colorado 

 blue spruce. In 1909 the forests of the state of Baden 

 alone contained 70 acres of Sitka spruce. 



GIANT ARBORVITAE AND INCENSE CEDAR 

 In the park forest belonging to the Count von Berkheim, Weinheim, Germany. 



make place for more valuable and more promising 

 species. 



The Big Tree, also known as Sequoia, from Cali- 

 fornia, is common in parks and is occasionally found in 



