1112 



AMERICAN FORESTRY 



RESISTANT POWERS OF WOOD SHOWN 



A feature of the Forest Service exhibit at the Panama-Pacific ICxposition which was of great service and 

 interest to users of wood for various purposes. 



Specimens and descriptions of important range plants 

 growing on the National Forests and some of the most 

 important poisonous grasses from which the Forest Serv- 

 ice is trying to i)rotect livestock, were displayed in show 

 cases, above which were shown photographic enlarge- 

 ments of livestock grazing on the National Forests and 

 of various improvements being introduced by the Service 

 for the benefit of the livestock industry, such as the 

 development of water holes, the building of drift fences 

 and experiments in grazing sheep in coyote-proof pas^ 

 tares. Next was a mounted group of a coyote killing a 

 lamb. The label for tb.e group stated that livestock own- 

 ers lose about $15,000,000 from predatory animals a 

 year, that over four thousand of these animals are killed 

 every year on the National Forests and that the Gov- 

 ernment has this year appropriated $125,000 for their 

 destruction on the National Forests. 



One of the most ])opular exhibits was a working 

 trosion model six feet square, which' showed some of the 

 cflfects of deforestation on stream flow and surface for- 

 mation. Two hills of the ordinary clay were built uj) on 

 the rear of the model. One of the hills was covered witli 

 moss and foliage to represent a forest or brush cover and 

 the humus soil beneath it ; the other hill was bare of 

 vegetation. A sprinkler arrangement sent down a shower 

 of water in the form of rain on both slopes. The water 

 flowing on the bare sl<)i)e rushed off the surface imme- 

 diately, carrying soil with it, and depositing it in the 

 stream bed and the lake at the front of the model. The 

 water flowing on the protected hill was absorljcd by the 

 natural reservoir which the forest affords and seeps out 



regularly as clear water. Water 

 fell on the forested hill daily 

 since the opening of the Exposi- 

 tion and no soil had to be re- 

 placed. The stream on this side 

 of the model and the lake below 

 were filled with clear water. 

 Farm land below the forested 

 slope was in good condition ; be- 

 low the deforested hill the river 

 had overrun its banks, flooded 

 the farm land and left deposited 

 upon it the infertile clay of the 

 hills. 



Placed between this model and 

 the large central model of the 

 idealized National Forest was a 

 relief map of a complete water- 

 shed on the Chelan National 

 Forest, Washington, which 

 showed a typical watershed pro- 

 tected by forested slopes. 



Three great windows in the 

 rear of the exhibit were covered, 

 up to ten feet in height, with 

 sixty-three large colored trans- 

 parencies showing forest types 

 in diflferent parts of the United 

 States and abroad, forested and 

 deforested watersheds and the erosion due to deforesta- 

 tion in this country and in China, various important 

 activities on the National Forests, picturesque scenery 

 and recreation sites on the National Forests, types of 

 National Forest land in diflferent parts of the country, 

 uses to which the National Forests are put, roads, trails, 

 bridges, telephone lines and other permanent improve- 

 ments on the National Forests, wind breaks of trees and 

 their benefit to crops. 



On the wall spaces between windows were a relief map 

 and two charts. The relief map is on the curvature of 

 the earth, gave the locations and names of all the National 

 Forests, and showed that they are situated along the 

 mountain ranges where they protect the headwaters of 

 streams rising in these mountains, as well as assure the 

 future timber supply. Above this map was a list of the 

 important uses to which these National Forests were 

 put by the public in 1!)14. These uses were as follows: 

 (i26,30(),000 board feet of timber cut by purchasers, 

 120,575,000 board feet cut by settlers and others free of 

 co.st, 9,238,863 head of livestock grazed, 266,797 horse- 

 jjovver available at water-power plants, 16,760 permits in 

 force for other special uses of land, 1,500,000 recreation 

 seekers visited the forests, 1 ,200 municipal water supplies 

 protected, $838,980 of receipts made available for local 

 schools and roads, 164,000,000 acres of land administered 

 to protect irrigation and navigable streams fed from the 

 forests of the West. The third chart showed that only 

 one-fifth of the timbered area in the United States is 

 held in Government ownership and properly protected. 

 That Alaska is not a barren and treeless waste was 



